CHAPTER – I. Introduction 1.1 The need for energy storage……………………………………. 1 1.2 Energy storage devices/systems…………………………………. 2 1.3 Mechanical energy storage………………………………………. 3 1.4 Thermal energy storage…………………………………………. 4 1.5 Electrochemical energy storage (EES)…………………………. 5 1.5.1 Batteries………………………………………………… 5 1.5.2 Electrochemical capacitors……………………………. 10 1.6 Li-ion battery Vs supercapacitors………………………………. 11 1.7 Electrode Material for electrochemical storage device…………. 14 1.7.1 Heteroatom doped (B, N, S, and P) carbon material…… 14 1.7.2 Carbon – metal oxide composite………………………. 18 1.8 Electrode material for intercalation pseudocapacitance mechanism……………………………………………………… 19 1.8.1 Nitridation of TiO2……………………………………. 20 1.9 Dimensionality of the nano-material…………………………… 21 1.10 Objectives of the thesis………………………………………… 24
CHAPTER – II. Experimental Methodology 2.1 Reagents………………………………………………………. 25 2.2 Synthesis of N-doped porous carbon nanofiber (N-pCNF) …… 25 2.2.1 Synthesis of ZIF-8……………………………………. 26 2.3 Synthesis of MnCoOx@NCNF and NCNF……………………. 26 2.4 Synthesis of heterostructured TiON-MnCo2O4 composite……. 27 2.4.1 Synthesis of titanium oxynitride (TiON) nanorods……. 27 2.4.2 Synthesis of 1D titanate precursor……………………. 28 2.5 Material characterization………………………………………… 28 2.6 Electrochemical measurements…………………………………. 29 2.6.1 Li-ion battery…………………………………………… 29 2.6.2 Supercapacitor………………………………………… 30 2.7 Fabrication of CR2032 coin cell………………………………… 32
CHAPTER – III. The Identification of Specific N-Configuration Responsible of Li-Ion Storage In N-Doped Porous Carbon Nanofiber: An Ex-Situ Study 3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 34 3.2 Results and discussion.………………………………………… 37 3.2.1 Material characterization.……………………………… 37 3.2.2 Electrochemical measurements…………………………. 41 3.2.3 Ex-situ characterizations………………………………. 49 3.3 Summary………………………………………………………… 69
CHAPTER – IV. A composite of Manganese Cobalt Oxide with Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanofiber as an Anode for Li-Ion Battery 4.1 Introduction………………………………………………………. 71 4.2 Results and discussion…………………………………………… 73 4.2.1 Material characterization……………………………… 76 4.2.2 Electrochemical performance…………………………. 84 4.3 Summary………………………………………………………… 95
CHAPTER – V. Synthesis of Titanium Oxynitride Nanorods and its Composite with Manganese Cobalt Oxide as High-Performance Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor Devices 5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………… 97 5.2 Results and discussion…………………………………………… 99 5.2.1 Synthesis mechanism…………………………………… 99 5.2.2 Optimization of nitridation temperature………………. 101 5.2.3 TiON nanorods-MnCo2O4 composite.…………………. 109 5.2.4 Electrochemical performance of TiON 114 5.2.5 Electrochemical performance of MCO and TiON-900-MCO………………………………………………… 121 5.4 Summary………………………………………………………… 130
CHAPTER – VI. Conclusion and Future Perspective 132
Research Interests
Electrocatalysts for fuel cells; water splitting; metal-air batteries; Polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells; flow batteries; Hydrogen generation and utilization