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Development of an Animal-Free Scaffold from Brown Algae for Producing Steak-Like Cultivated Meat

Title
Development of an Animal-Free Scaffold from Brown Algae for Producing Steak-Like Cultivated Meat
Alternative Title
스테이크형 배양육의 3차원 세포 배양 및 분화에 적합한 갈조류 유래 비동물성 스캐폴드의 개발
Author(s)
Heejae Lee
DGIST Authors
Heejae LeeYoung-Sam LeeJong-Sun Kang
Advisor
이영삼
Co-Advisor(s)
Jong-Sun Kang
Issued Date
2024
Awarded Date
2024-02-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Cultivated meat;3D cell culture system;ACe-gel (alginate-cellulose hydrogel) scaffold;Undaria pinnatifida;bovine muscular stem cell;배양육;3차원 세포 배양 시스템;미역;소 근육 줄기 세포
Abstract
The conventional meat production process strongly impacts the environment and animals, resources that are invaluable and limited. In response to these challenges, a recent surge in the development of 'cultivated' or 'cell-based' meat products has promised a sustainable meat alternative. Scaffolds used for the production of cultivated meat should be made of edible materials, possess physical and chemical properties that enable three- dimensional animal cell culture, and have biological characteristics suitable for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Additionally, the scaffold should offer textural similarities to meat and have minimal influence on flavor and taste. Herein, I developed an edible alginate-based alginate-cellulose hydrogel (ACe- gel) scaffold derived from the brown alga Undaria pinnatifida. In terms of physical characteristics, the scaffold had porosity and moisture-holding capacity suitable for three-dimensional culture and differentiation of bovine- derived muscle stem cells (bMuSCs). Accordingly, the scaffold was superior to a commercial alginate scaffold in terms of the attachment and proliferation of bMuSCs, and its performance was comparable with that of a lyophilized collagen scaffold. The bMuSCs cultured on the ACe-gel scaffold were capable of differentiating into muscle fibers, as verified by gene expression profile analysis. Furthermore, in bMuSC cultures, the scaffold had a stress‒strain curve similar to that of meat and had few heavy metal contents and distinct seaweed odorants. Therefore, the seaweed-derived and animal-free ACe-gel scaffold has strong potential for utilization as a food technology for cultured meat production in the future. Keywords: Cultivated meat, 3D cell culture system, ACe-gel (alginate-cellulose hydrogel) scaffold, Undaria pinnatifida, bovine muscular stem cell|환경과 동물에 큰 부담을 주는 현대의 육류 생산 방식을 대체하기 위해, 세포 기반의 배양육에 대한 연구와 개발이 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이렇게 생산된 배양육을 위한 기반이 되는 재료는 식용이 가능해야 하며, 3차원의 동물 세포 배양에 적합한 물리적, 화학적, 그리고 생물학적 특성을 가져야 한다. 또한, 그 결과로 나온 육류는 실제 육류와 같은 텍스처와 맛을 가져야 한다.
본 연구에서는 갈조류의 일종인 Undaria pinnatifida로부터 추출한 식용 알긴산을 주요 성분으로 한 Alginate-Cellulose hydrogel (ACe-gel) 스캐폴드를 제작하였다. 이 스캐폴드는 소에서 추출한 근육 줄기세포(bMuSC)를 3차원으로 배양하고 분화시키기에 적합한 다공성과 수분 보유 능력을 갖추고 있다. 따라서, 상용화된 알지네이트 스캐폴드에 비해 줄기세포의 부착과 증식에 있어 더 우수한 성능을 보였으며, 동결건조된 콜라겐 스캐폴드와 유사한 성능을 보였다. ACe-gel 스캐폴드에서 배양된 bMuSC는 유전자 발현 패턴을 분석하여 근육 섬유로의 분화 가능성을 확인하였다. 더불어, 스캐폴드로 배양된 bMuSC는 육류와 유사한 질감을 보였고, 중금속 함량이 낮아 안전하며, 해조류 특유의 냄새도 없었다. 이러한 결과로 볼 때, 해조류에서 추출된 ACe-gel 스캐폴드는 배양육 생산의 미래적인 기술로서 큰 가능성을 지니고 있다.
Table Of Contents
Ⅰ. Introduction 1
ⅠI. Materials and Methods 7
2.1 Scaffold fabrication 7
2.2 Structural characteristics of the scaffold 8
2.3 Quantification of alginate residue in the ACe-gel 9
2.4 Moisture-holding capacity of the lyophilized scaffold 10
2.5 Isolation of bovine muscle stem cells 10
2.6 Cell proliferation and differentiation in the 3D scaffold 11
2.7 Cell viability and quantitative measurement of cell growth in the scaffold 11
2.8 RNA isolation 12
2.9 Library preparation and sequencing 12
2.10 Data analysis 13
2.11 Immunofluorescence staining 14
2.12 Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‒qPCR) analysis 15
2.13 Mechanical properties 15
2.14 Volatile compound profiling with an electronic nose 16
2.15 Statistical analysis 17
ⅠII. Results 18
3.1 Brown algae-derived nonanimal scaffolds provide a porous microenvironment 18
3.2 The ACe-gel scaffold provides a suitable environment for cell adhesion and proliferation 31
3.3 bMuSCs successfully differentiated on the ACe-gel scaffold 36
3.4 mRNA profiling reveals the ACe-gel scaffold's superiority in muscle cell differentiation over alginate and collagen scaffold 39
3.5 The ACe-gel can be applied to cultivated meat as food 47
3.6 The potential of ACe-gel as a cell culture platform 52
IV. Discussion 58
V. References 63
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11750/48003

http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000727991
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200000727991
Degree
Doctor
Department
Department of New Biology
Publisher
DGIST
Related Researcher
  • 이영삼 Lee, Young-Sam
  • Research Interests DNA replication and repair; Restoration of cellular senescence; Structural and functional relationship of proteins
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