Physics of sliding on water explains morphological and behavioural allometry across a wide range of body sizes in water striders (Gerridae)

Abstract

Laws of physics shape adaptations to locomotion, and semiaquatic habitats of water striders provide opportunities to explore adaptations to locomotion on water surface. The hydrodynamics of typical propelling with symmetrical strokes of midlegs is well understood, but the subsequent passive sliding on surface has not been explored. We hypothesized that morphological and behavioural adaptations to sliding vary by body size. Based on empirical observations of water striders across a wide range of body size, we constructed a theoretical model of floating and resistance during sliding. Our model predicts that large water striders are too heavy to support anterior body on forelegs during sliding when their two midlegs are off the surface symmetrically during a recovery phase after stroke in symmetric gait. Heavy species should either (i) develop sufficiently long forelegs to support their anterior body on surface during symmetric gait or (ii) use asymmetric gait when one forward-extended midleg supports anterior body. Observations were consistent with these predictions. Additionally, medium-sized insects were observed to switch between symmetrical and asymmetrical gait in the manner that reduces sliding resistance. Our results illustrate how habitat-specific physical processes cause morphological and behavioural diversity associated with body size among biological organisms. © 2024 The Author(s).