This method utilizes machine learning on the basis of extracellular vesicles obtained through a liquid biopsy, so as to provide information necessary for efficient cancer diagnosis, and comprises: collecting learning data including surface characteristic images of extracellular vesicles extracted from cancer cells; using the learning data so as to construct an artificial intelligence diagnosis model; and deriving cancer-related disease information through the constructed artificial intelligence diagnosis model on the basis of surface characteristic data of extracellular vesicles to be diagnosed.
