Reconfiguring Hierarchical Porous Architecture of 2D Metal Nanosheets for Multifunctional Triboelectric Nanogenerators

Abstract

2D single-crystalline metal nanosheets are a promising platform for self-powered electronics, yet their potential for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) remains unexplored. A key challenge in TENGs is overcoming low current output and limited durability. A hierarchical porous copper nanosheet-based TENG (HPC-TENG) is reported to substantially enhance triboelectric performance through a unique structural design. The method uses a simple spray-coating process to create a hierarchical porous conductive film from 2D copper nanosheets (Cu NSs). By infiltrating this film with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), interfacial contact is maximized, significantly boosting charge generation during mechanical cycling. The HPC-TENG achieves a remarkable 590% enhancement in electrical output compared to conventional Cu thin-film TENGs, while maintaining stable operation over 100 000 cycles. Beyond energy harvesting, this architecture provides integrated multifunctionality, including stable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness exceeding 30 dB and efficient Joule heating. These findings highlight the strong potential of hierarchical porous metal nanosheet electrodes as a versatile platform for advanced energy harvesting, EMI shielding, and flexible heating, opening new avenues for next-generation wearable electronics.