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Development of Novel Ligated Boryl radical Precursors and their Applications

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dc.contributor.advisor 이성기 -
dc.contributor.author Changhee Park -
dc.date.accessioned 2026-01-23T10:54:36Z -
dc.date.available 2026-01-23T10:54:36Z -
dc.date.issued 2026 -
dc.identifier.uri https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/59643 -
dc.identifier.uri http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000942458 -
dc.description ligated boryl radical, amine carboxyborane, photochemistry -
dc.description.abstract Ligated borane, the coordination complex between Lewis base and Lewis acidic borane, has been widely used as a reductant and reagent for hydroboration. Owing to their versatile reactivity, these complexes have also attracted attention beyond classical two-electron chemistry. Recently, ligated boranes have emerged as pivotal species in radical chemistry, enabled by recent advances in photochemistry.

In chapter 1, we developed a one-pot sulfa-Michael addition reaction of disulfides using a pyridine-borane complex under blue light irradiation. In this reaction, pyridine–borane served as a hydrogen atom donor through a radical pathway, reducing the thiyl radical generated from the disulfide. The thiol generated in situ from the thiyl radical subsequently reacted with the Michael acceptor to form a new C–S bond. This novel synthetic approach has a broad substrate scope and a high functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies suggest that sequential radical and ionic processes provide a practical solution for constructing carbon–sulfur bonds.

Chapter 2 will discuss the introduction of ethylamine via C–N bond cleavage of aziridine-borane, highlighting distinct reactivity patterns compared to conventional methods. Although various methods for synthesizing ethylamine have been developed, most rely on aziridine as an electrophile, limiting substrate scope. To overcome this, we developed an umpolung strategy in which aziridine-borane serves as a building block for ethylamine through photocatalytic ring opening under mild conditions. Mechanistic studies indicate that this reaction is the first method for generating the boryl radicals through the energy transfer mechanism.

In chapter 3, we have developed a novel precursor, amine carboxyborane that enables the generation of amine-ligated boryl radicals via a reductive quenching cycle. The anion of amine carboxyborane was effectively oxidized using a 5CzBN photocatalyst under blue LED light, with subsequent decarboxylation facilitating the generation of ligated boryl radicals. This process enabled an efficient halogen atom transfer (XAT) with alkyl bromides, resulting in Giese reaction products with various electron-deficient double bonds. Moreover, direct addition of several boryl radicals was also possible using ligated carboxyboranes.

Chapter 4 will discuss a transition-metal-free, photoredox-catalyzed cyclopropanation of various alkenes, enabled by halogen atom transfer (XAT) between dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) as a C1 synthon and amine-ligated boryl radicals derived from amine carboxyboranes. The resulting chloromethyl radical participated in a radical– polar crossover process (RPC) to afford the corresponding cyclopropane derivatives. This method proceeds under mild conditions, exhibits broad substrate scope, and is scalable. The synthetic utility is further highlighted by deuterium incorporation using CD₂Cl₂ and the formation of chlorocyclopropane products using chloroform (CHCl₃) and CDCl₃, enabling access to valuable chlorinated and isotopically labeled cyclopropanes.|리간드화 보레인(ligated borane)은 루이스 염기와 루이스 산성 보레인이 형성하는 착물로, 수소화붕소화(hydroboration)와 환원 반응에서 널리 활용되어 왔다. 최근에는 이러한 착물이 광화학의 발달과 함께 고전적인 2전자 화학을 넘어 라디칼 화학 분야에서도 중요한 반응종으로 주목받고 있다.
본 논문에서는 리간드화 보레인의 새로운 반응성을 탐구하고, 이를 활용한 합성 전략을 제시하였다. 제1장에서는 피리딘-보레인 착물을 청색광 하에서 사용하여 이황화물의 설파-마이클(sulfa-Michael) 반응을 원팟 (one-pot) 방식으로 개발하였다. 이 반응에서 피리딘-보레인은 라디칼 경로를 통해 황 라디칼에 수소 원자를 전달하는 수소 공여체로 작용하였으며, 폭넓은 기질 적용성과 높은 작용기 내성을 보였다. 기작 연구 결과, 라디칼 과정과 이온 과정이 연속적으로 작동하여 탄소–황 결합을 효율적으로 형성함을 확인하였다.

제2장에서는 아지리딘-보레인의 C–N 결합 절단을 통한 에틸아민 도입 반응을 다루었다. 기존의 방법들이 아지리딘을 친전자체로 이용함에 따라 기질 적용성이 제한적이었던 것과 달리, 본 연구에서는 아지리딘-보레인을 광반응을 이용하여 개환 반응을 통한 에틸아민 합성 빌딩 블록으로 활용하는 극성 반전 (umpolung) 전략을 제시하였다. 이는 에너지 전달 기작을 통해 보릴 라디칼을 최초로 발생시키는 반응임을 규명하였다.

제3장에서는 아민 카르복시보레인(amine carboxyborane)을 새로운 전구체로 개발하여, 환원성 소광 경로를 통해 아민-리간드화 보릴 라디칼을 발생시켰다. 아민 카르복시보레인의 음이온은 청색 LED와 5CzBN 광촉매 하에서 산화되어 탈이산화탄소 반응을 거쳐 보릴 라디칼을 형성하였으며, 이를 이용해 알킬 브로마이드와의 할로겐 원자 전달(XAT) 및 Giese 반응을 구현하였다. 또한, 여러 보릴 라디칼의 직접적인 부가 반응도 가능함을 보였다.

제4장에서는 아민-리간드화 보릴 라디칼과 디클로로메탄(CH₂Cl₂) 사이의 할로겐 원자 전달을 기반으로, 전이금속 촉매 없이 광촉매적 사이클로프로판화 반응을 개발하였다. 이 방법은 온화한 조건에서 다양한 알켄에 적용 가능하며, 확장성과 합성적 유용성을 동시에 갖추고 있다. 특히, CD2Cl2 및 클로로포름 유도체 (CHCl3, CDCl3)를 활용하여 중수소 치환 및 염소 치환된 사이클로프로페인을 합성할 수 있어, 동위원소 표지 화합물 및 가치 있는 염소화 사이클로프로페인을 제공한다.
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dc.description.tableofcontents List of Contents


Abstract i
List of Contents iii



Ⅰ. Chapter 1. One-pot sulfa-Michael addition reactions of disulfides using a pyridine-borane complex under blue light irradiation
1. Introduction 1
2. Results & discussion 3
2.1 Reaction optimization 3
2.2 Substrate scope 6
2.3 Mechanism studies 8
3. Conclusion 11
4. Experimental data 12
4.1 General experimental 12
4.2 Mechanism studies 23
5. References 28



Ⅱ. Chapter 2. C-N bond cleavage of aziridine borane complex and Giese-type reaction under blue light irradiation
1. Introduction 31
2. Results & discussion 36
2.1 Reaction optimization 36
2.2 Lactam formation 42
2.3 Isomer of 3a 43
2.4 Problem of the reaction 43
2.5 Substrate scope 46
2.6 Mechanism studies 47
3. Conclusion 51
4. Experimental data 52
4.1 General experimental 52
4.2 Mechanism studies 61
5. References 63



ⅡI. Chapter 3. Amine carboxyborane: a versatile ligated boryl radical precursor
1. Introduction 65
2. Results & discussion 69
2.1 Reaction design 69
2.2 Reaction optimization 72
2.3 Substrate scope of Giese reaction 78
2.4 Giese reaction of ligated boryl radical 80
2.5 Mechanism studies 82
2.6 DFT calculations 87
3. Conclusion 89
4. Experimental data 90
4.1 General experimental 90
4.2 Mechanism studies 106
4.3 Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements 110
4.4 DFT calculation 116
5. References 127



IV. Chapter 4. Transition-metal-free cyclopropanation of alkenes with dichloromethane and chloroform via halogen atom transfer using amine carboxyborane
1. Introduction 131
2. Results & discussion 136
2.1 Reaction optimization 136
2.2 Reactivity of various ligated boryl radical precursors 138
2.3 Reactivity of various XAT reagents in cyclopropanation 139
2.4 Substrate scope of cyclopropanation 140
2.5 Substrate scope of other C1 sources 142
2.6 Mechanism studies 143
2.7 Reactivity of amine-ligated boryl radicals with unactivated alkyl chlorides 146
2.8 DFT calculation studies for bond dissociation energy 146
3. Conclusion 148
4. Experimental data 149
4.1 General experimental 149
4.2 Experimental methods 149
4.3 Mechanism studies 186
4.4 DFT calculation studies for bond dissociation energy 189
5. References 196

요약문 201

Acknowledgement 202
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dc.format.extent 201 -
dc.language eng -
dc.publisher DGIST -
dc.title Development of Novel Ligated Boryl radical Precursors and their Applications -
dc.title.alternative 신규 리간드화 보릴 라디칼 전구체의 개발 및 활용 연구 -
dc.type Thesis -
dc.identifier.doi 10.22677/THESIS.200000942458 -
dc.description.degree Doctor -
dc.contributor.department Department of Physics and Chemistry -
dc.contributor.coadvisor Sangwon Seo -
dc.date.awarded 2026-02-01 -
dc.publisher.location Daegu -
dc.description.database dCollection -
dc.citation XT.MD 박82 202602 -
dc.date.accepted 2026-01-19 -
dc.contributor.alternativeDepartment 화학물리학과 -
dc.subject.keyword ligated boryl radical, amine carboxyborane, photochemistry -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Changhee Park -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Sunggi Lee -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Sangwon Seo -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 박창희 -
dc.contributor.alternativeName Sunggi Lee -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 서상원 -
dc.rights.embargoReleaseDate 2029-02-28 -
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