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Identification of Novel Substrates of CRBN and Their Pathophysiological Roles

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dc.contributor.advisor 이재민 -
dc.contributor.author Doo Kyung Kim -
dc.date.accessioned 2026-09-01T19:29:34Z -
dc.date.available 2026-09-01T19:29:34Z -
dc.date.issued 2026 -
dc.identifier.uri https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/60726 -
dc.identifier.uri http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200001007536 -
dc.description Cereblon (CRBN), Tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28), basic helix–loop–helix PerARNT-Sim transcription factors (bHLH-PAS transcription factors), Leptin receptor (LEPR), Hypothalamic regulation -
dc.description.abstract Cereblon (CRBN) is a substrate receptor of the CRL4 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and a molecular target of immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs). Although CRBN has been extensively studied in the context of drug-induced substrate degradation, its endogenous substrates and physiological functions remain incompletely defined. Given its prominent expression in hypothalamic neurons, the identity and functional significance of CRBN substrates in this context remain poorly understood.
In this study, we identified CRBN-interacting proteins in a mouse hypothalamic neuronal cell line (mHypoE-N44) using TurboID-based proximity labeling and characterized their biochemical and physiological functions. We identified 65 high-confidence CRBN-associated proteins, with enrichment in RNA processing and splicing pathways. Among these, TRIM28 was validated as a CRBN-interacting protein that undergoes partial proteasome-dependent degradation upon CRBN overexpression, but without detectable increases in CRBN-dependent TRIM28 ubiquitination, indicating an indirect mechanism. In vivo, TRIM28 overexpression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) selectively reduced food intake under fasting–refeeding and acute stress conditions, indicating a role in stress-responsive feeding behavior.
We also found that CRBN promotes ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of multiple bHLH–PAS transcription factors, indicating that CRBN recognizes a conserved structural feature shared across the bHLH–PAS family. In addition, CRBN disrupts ARNT2–SIM1 complex formation, suggesting that CRBN influences transcriptional complex assembly in addition to proteolytic turnover. Under hypoxia-mimetic conditions, CRBN regulated HIF1A stability in a proteasome-dependent manner in vitro; however, this effect did not translate into a detectable phenotype in renal ischemia–reperfusion injury models in vivo.
In parallel, we identified the leptin receptor (LEPR) as a novel CRBN substrate. CRBN overexpression reduced LEPR protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, and this reduction was restored by thalidomide treatment. CRBN also attenuated leptin-induced STAT3 phosphorylation without affecting total STAT3 levels. Mechanistically, LEPR was degraded via a lysosomal rather than proteasomal pathway, mechanistically distinguishing it from previously characterized CRBN substrates. In vivo, CRBN deletion in LEPR-expressing cells enhanced leptin sensitivity without affecting basal energy balance.
Collectively, these findings identify CRBN as a multi-target E3 ligase substrate receptor that regulates biochemically distinct protein classes through target-specific degradation pathways, with functional consequences in hypothalamic neuroendocrine circuits and leptin signaling.

Keywords: Cereblon (CRBN), Tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28), basic helix–loop–helix Per-ARNT-Sim transcription factors (bHLH-PAS transcription factors), Leptin receptor (LEPR), Hypothalamic regulation|본 연구에서는 시상하부 신경세포에서 CRBN에 의해 조절되는 내인성 단백질을 규명하고 그 기능을 분석함으로써, CRBN이 CRL4 E3 유비퀴틴 리가아제 복합체 내에서 다양한 기질을 조절하는 다중 표적 조절 인자임을 확인하였다. 마우스 유래 시상하부 신경세포주(mHypoE-N44)에서 TurboID 기반 근접표지 기법을 이용하여 총 65개의 고신뢰 CRBN 결합 단백질을 동정하였으며, 이들은 RNA 처리 및 스플라이싱 관련 기능에 유의한 농축을 보였다.
이 중 TRIM28은 CRBN과 물리적으로 결합하는 신규 상호작용 단백질로 확인되었으며, CRBN 과발현 시 프로테아좀 의존적인 부분적 단백질 감소를 보였으나 CRL4–CRBN 복합체에 의한 직접적인 유비퀴틴화는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 PVN에서 TRIM28을 과발현시켰을 때 기저 상태에서는 변화가 없었으나 공복–재급식 및 급성 스트레스 조건에서 섭식량이 감소하여, TRIM28이 스트레스 반응적 섭식 행동을 선택적으로 조절함을 확인하였다.
생화학적 분석 결과, CRBN은 ARNT2, HIF1A, ARNT, BMAL1, CLOCK을 포함한 다양한 bHLH–PAS 전사인자의 유비퀴틴 의존적 프로테아좀 분해를 촉진하는 것으로 나타났다. 도메인 매핑 분석을 통해 PAS2–PAC 영역이 주요 결합 결정 요소로 작용함을 확인하였으며, 이는 CRBN이 bHLH–PAS 계열에 공통적으로 보존된 구조적 특징을 인식함을 시사한다. 또한 CRBN은 ARNT2–SIM1 이합체 형성을 저해함으로써 단백질 분해 이외의 방식으로도 전사 복합체 조절에 관여함을 보여주었다. 한편, 저산소 유사 조건에서 CRBN은 HIF1A의 안정성을 조절하였으나, 이러한 효과는 in vivo 신장 허혈–재관류 손상 모델에서는 유의한 표현형 차이를 유도하지 않았다.
또한 CRBN은 렙틴 수용체(LEPR) 단백질 안정성을 음성적으로 조절하는 인자로 확인되었다. CRBN 과발현은 LEPR 단백질 수준을 감소시켰으며, 이는 탈리도마이드 처리에 의해 회복되었다. CRBN은 총 STAT3 단백질 수준에는 영향을 주지 않으면서 렙틴 유도 STAT3 인산화를 억제하였다. 기전적으로 LEPR 분해는 프로테아좀 경로가 아닌 리소좀 경로를 통해 이루어졌으며, CRBN이 수용체의 내포 이후 소포체 수송(post-endocytic trafficking)을 조절함을 시사한다. In vivo에서 LEPR 발현 세포 특이적 CRBN 결손 마우스는 렙틴 감수성 증가를 보였다.
종합적으로, 본 연구는 CRBN이 bHLH–PAS 전사인자에 대해서는 프로테아좀 경로를, LEPR에 대해서는 리소좀 경로를 통해 작용하는 다중 표적 조절 인자임을 규명하였다. 또한 CRBN의 기능이 기저 상태보다 특정 생리적 자극 조건에서 더욱 두드러짐을 확인하였으며, 렙틴 신호전달, 시상하부 전사 조절 및 스트레스–대사 연계 조절과 관련된 새로운 조절 축을 제시하였다. 이러한 결과는 대사 및 스트레스 관련 질환에서 CRBN의 병태생리학적 역할을 이해하는 데 기여하며, CRBN 기반 치료 전략 개발을 위한 기초를 제공한다.

핵심어: 세레블론(Cereblon,CRBN), 삼중모티프 함유 단백질 28(Tripartite motif-containing protein 28, TRIM28), bHLH-PAS 전사인자(basic helix–loop–helix Per-ARNT-Sim transcription factors, bHLH-PAS transcription factors), 렙틴 수용체(Leptin receptor, LEPR), 시상하부 조절
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dc.description.tableofcontents Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 1
1. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and E3 ubiquitin ligases 1
2. Cereblon as a substrate receptor of the CRL4 E3 ligase complex 2
3. Endogenous substrates of CRBN and their physiological roles 4
4. CRBN in diverse physiological processes 6
5. Research objectives and thesis overview 7
Ⅱ. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8
1. Experimental animals 8
2. Metabolic phenotyping 8
3. AAV production and stereotaxic injection 9
3.1 AAV production 9
3.2 Stereotaxic injection into the PVN 9
4. Fasting–refeeding and acute restraint stress paradigms 10
5. Renal ischemia–reperfusion injury model 11
6. In vivo leptin administration 12
6.1 Leptin-induced hypothalamic signaling 12
6.2 Leptin sensitivity assessment in leptin receptor-specific Crbn KO (Crbn LKO) mice 12
7. Cell culture and treatments 13
7.1 Cell lines and maintenance 13
7.2 Transient transfection 13
7.3 Plasmids and constructs 14
7.4 Pharmacological treatment 15
7.4.1 General inhibitor treatments 15
7.4.2 Leptin stimulation assays 15
7.4.3 Hypoxia-mimetic treatment (CoCl₂) 15
8. Proximity-dependent biotinylation (TurboID) and mass spectrometry analysis 16
9. Biochemical analyses 17
9.1 Protein extraction and immunoblotting 17
9.2 Co-immunoprecipitation 17
9.3 Ubiquitination assay 18
9.4 RNA isolation and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) 18
10. Immunofluorescence staining 18
11. Statistical analysis 19
12. Graphical illustration 19
Ⅲ. RESULTS 20
Part Ⅰ. Mapping the CRBN interaction network by TurboID proximity labeling 20
1.1 TurboID-based proximity labeling strategy and experimental validation 20
1.2 Identification of high-confidence CRBN-associated proteins and functional enrichment 24
Part Ⅱ. TRIM28 as a CRBN-associated protein and regulator of stress-responsive feeding 26
2.1 Rationale for investigating TRIM28 26
2.2 CRBN interacts with TRIM28 and modulates its protein levels 27
2.3 CRBN-mediated reduction of TRIM28 involves a proteasome-dependent mechanism 29
2.4 PVN-specific TRIM28 overexpression selectively suppresses stress-induced feeding 31
Part Ⅲ. CRBN-mediated regulation of bHLH–PAS transcription factors 37
3.1 Rationale for investigating bHLH–PAS transcription factors 37
3.2 CRBN promotes proteasomal degradation of multiple bHLH–PAS family members 39
3.3 Structural basis of CRBN recognition: the PAS domain as a shared interaction interface 43
3.4 CRBN disrupts SIM1–ARNT2 heterodimeric complex stability 48
3.5 CRBN modulates HIF1A stability under hypoxia-mimetic conditions in vitro 49
3.6 CRBN deficiency does not alter renal ischemia–reperfusion injury in vivo 51
Part Ⅳ. CRBN regulates leptin receptor stability and leptin sensitivity 57
4.1 Rationale for investigating LEPR as a CRBN target 57
4.2 CRBN promotes ubiquitin-dependent lysosomal degradation of LEPR 60
4.3 CRBN suppresses leptin-induced STAT3 signaling in vitro 65
4.4 CRBN negatively regulates leptin signaling and sensitivity in vivo 67
4.4.1 CRBN modulates LEPR-dependent pSTAT3 signaling 67
4.4.2 CRBN modulates leptin sensitivity under acute stimulation conditions 69
Ⅳ. DISCUSSION 72
1. CRBN as a multi-target regulator: convergent themes across substrate classes 72
2. TRIM28 in the PVN: epigenetic basis of stress-responsive feeding 73
3. bHLH–PAS transcription factors as a CRBN substrate class: structural and functional basis 74
4. Absence of renal ischemia phenotype: interpretation and limitations 75
5. Lysosomal degradation of LEPR: mechanistic implications and leptin resistance 76
6. Broader implications and future directions 78
Ⅴ. CONCLUSION 79
REFERENCE 82
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 85
요약문 88
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dc.format.extent 89 -
dc.language eng -
dc.publisher DGIST -
dc.title Identification of Novel Substrates of CRBN and Their Pathophysiological Roles -
dc.title.alternative CRBN 의 신규 기질 단백질 규명 및 병태생리학적 기능 분석 -
dc.type Thesis -
dc.identifier.doi 10.22677/THESIS.200001007536 -
dc.description.degree Doctor -
dc.contributor.department Department of New Biology -
dc.contributor.coadvisor Byung-Hoon Lee -
dc.date.awarded 2026-08-01 -
dc.publisher.location Daegu -
dc.description.database dCollection -
dc.citation XT.ND 김26 202608 -
dc.date.accepted 2026-07-21 -
dc.contributor.alternativeDepartment 뉴바이올로지학과 -
dc.subject.keyword Cereblon (CRBN), Tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28), basic helix–loop–helix PerARNT-Sim transcription factors (bHLH-PAS transcription factors), Leptin receptor (LEPR), Hypothalamic regulation -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Doo Kyung Kim -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Jaemin Lee -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Byung-Hoon Lee -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 김두경 -
dc.contributor.alternativeName Jaemin Lee -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 이병훈 -
dc.rights.embargoReleaseDate 2031-08-31 -
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