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Investigating the mechanisms that mitigate transcription-associated replication stress and genome instability

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Title
Investigating the mechanisms that mitigate transcription-associated replication stress and genome instability
DGIST Authors
Hongseon SongYounghoon KeeYoung-Sam Lee
Advisor
기영훈
Co-Advisor(s)
Young-Sam Lee
Issued Date
2026
Awarded Date
2026-08-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Transcription-replication conflict, DNA double-strand breaks, Transcriptional silencing, OTUD5, FACT histone chaperone, Histone deacetylases, R-loop, Polycomb repressive complex, Nuclear pore complex, Homologous recombination
Abstract

Genome stability is essential for cellular viability and organismal health, yet it is constantly challenged by conflicts between DNA-templated processes such as transcription, replication, and repair. In particular, transcription–replication conflicts and aberrant transcriptional activity near DNA lesions are major sources of replication fork collapse, leading to DNA double-strand breaks. While numerous chromatin-associated factors have been implicated in mitigating these threats, how such factors are spatially and functionally coordinated to preserve genome integrity remains poorly understood. First, this work identifies a critical role for the deubiquitinase OTUD5 in limiting replication fork instability caused by transcription–replication conflicts. OTUD5 is recruited to replication forks, where it assembles a regulatory complex containing the histone chaperone FACT and the histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2. Disruption of the OTUD5–FACT interaction leads to excessive FACT loading onto chromatin, elevated R-loop formation, replication fork stress, and activation of the Fanconi anemia pathway. These findings demonstrate that coordinated regulation of chromatin remodelers at replication forks is essential for preventing transcription-induced replication stress. Second, this work further explores how transcription is actively repressed in the vicinity of DNA double-strand breaks to facilitate genome maintenance. This work reveals that components of the nuclear pore complex, particularly Y-complex nucleoporins such as NUP107 and NUP43, cooperate with Polycomb repressive complex 1 to promote transcriptional silencing at DNA break sites. Nucleoporins are recruited to DNA lesions in an ATM/ATR-dependent manner and are required for Polycomb clustering, histone H2A ubiquitination, and homologous recombination repair. These findings uncover an unexpected role for nuclear pore components as chromatin-associated regulators that link nuclear architecture to DNA damage–induced transcriptional control.|게놈 안정성은 세포 생존과 개체 건강에 필수적이지만, 전사, 복제, 복구와 같은 DNA 주형 기반 과정들 사이의 충돌에 의해 지속적으로 위협받는다. 특히 전사–복제 충돌과 DNA 손상 주변의 비정상적 전사 활성은 복제 포크 붕괴를 유발하여 DNA 이중가닥 절단으로 이어질 수 있는 주요 원인이다. 다양한 염색질 관련 인자들이 이러한 위협을 완화하는 데 관여한다고 알려져 있으나, 이들 인자가 어떻게 공간적·기능적으로 조율되어 게놈 무결성을 유지하는지는 아직 충분히 이해되지 않았다.
본 연구는 먼저 탈유비퀴틴화효소 OTUD5가 전사–복제 충돌에 의해 유발되는 복제 포크 불안정성을 제한하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 규명하였다. OTUD5는 복제 포크에 모집되어 히스톤 샤페론 FACT 및 히스톤 탈아세틸화효소 HDAC1/HDAC2를 포함하는 조절 복합체를 형성한다. OTUD5–FACT 상호작용이 손상되면 FACT가 염색질에 과도하게 축적되고, R-loop 형성 증가, 복제 포크 스트레스, Fanconi anemia 경로 활성화가 유도된다. 이러한 결과는 복제 포크에서 염색질 조절 인자의 정교한 조절이 전사 유도성 복제 스트레스를 방지하는 데 필수적임을 보여준다.
또한 본 연구는 DNA 이중가닥 절단 주변에서 전사가 능동적으로 억제되어 게놈 유지에 기여하는 기전을 탐구하였다. 본 연구는 핵공복합체 구성 단백질, 특히 NUP107과 NUP43 같은 Y-complex nucleoporin이 Polycomb repressive complex 1과 협력하여 DNA 절단 부위의 전사 억제를 촉진한다는 것을 밝혔다. Nucleoporin은 ATM/ATR 의존적으로 DNA 손상 부위에 모집되며, Polycomb clustering, histone H2A ubiquitination, homologous recombination repair에 필요하다. 이러한 결과는 핵공 구성 단백질이 핵 구조와 DNA 손상 유도성 전사 조절을 연결하는 염색질 관련 조절 인자로 기능할 수 있음을 제시한다.

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Table Of Contents
List of Contents
Abstract i
List of Contents iii
List of Tables v
List of Figures v
1. General background and Overview 1
2. PART I. Chromatin-based control of transcription–replication conflicts 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.1.1 FACT Histone Chaperone 10
2.1.2 Deubiquitinating enzyme OTUD5 13
2.2 Material & Method 14
2.2.1 Cell lines, plasmids and chemicals 14
2.2.2 Western blotting and antibodies 14
2.2.3 RNA interference 16
2.2.4 Immunofluorescence and image quantification 17
2.2.5 Proximity ligation assay 18
2.3 Results 20
2.3.1 UBR5-OTUD5 complex mitigates DNA replication fork stress 20
2.3.2 UBR5-OTUD5 complex mitigates transcription-replication conflicts 23
2.3.3 Uncoupling FACT from OTUD5 leads to replication stress 25
2.3.4 Uncoupling of FACT from OTUD5 leads to transcription- replication conflicts 28
2.3.5 OTUD5 regulates FACT activity by recruiting histone deacetylases 32
2.3.6 OTUD5 D537A cells require replication fork-protective proteins for survival 39
2.4 Discussion 43
2.5 Future direction 46
3. PART II. Chromatin-based transcriptional repression at DNA double-strand breaks 48
3.1 Introduction 48
3.1.1 Polycomb repressive complexes in DSB-induced silencing 48
3.1.2 Nucleoporins and the nuclear pore complex in genome maintenance 50
3.2 Material & Method 53
3.2.1 Cell lines, plasmids, and transfection. 53
3.2.2 Western blotting 54
3.2.3 Antibodies 55
3.2.4 RNA interference 56
3.2.5 Immunofluorescence and image quantification 58
3.2.6 3D image analysis 59
3.2.7 I-PpoI nuclease-induced DNA double-strand breaks 59
3.2.8 Immunoprecipitation 60
3.2.9 Chemicals/Reagents 60
3.3 Result 62
3.3.1 Polycomb Body Formation by PHC2 is required to Induce Transcription Repression Around DSBs 62
3.3.2 Nucleoporins Promote Transcription Repression Around DSBs 67
3.3.3 Nucleoporins Localize to DSB Sites 74
3.3.4 Interdependency of Nucleoporins and Polycomb Proteins at DSBs 80
3.3.5 Nucleoporins Promote HR Repair and Genome Stability 86
3.3.6 ATM/ATR-Induced Phosphorylation of NUP107 Controls DSB-Induced Silencing 90
3.3.7 Y-Complex Integrity Is Necessary for the Transcription Repression at DSBs. 102
3.4 Discussion 105
3.5 Future direction 108
4. General discussion 111
국문요약 114
Reference 115
URI
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/60730
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200001018717
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200001018717
Degree
Doctor
Department
Department of New Biology
Publisher
DGIST
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