Progress in PDMS modification strategies for high-performance triboelectric nanogenerators: design, applications and future perspective

Abstract

Eco- and bio-friendly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted significant attention for applications in energy harvesting, sensing, and self-powered systems. The performance of PDMS-based TENGs is highly dependent on rational material selection and structural engineering within the PDMS matrix. While conventional components such as dielectrics, metals, two-dimensional (2D) materials, and carbon-based fillers have been widely used, there is a growing demand for advanced materials to enhance efficiency and broaden the scope of applications. In this context, a variety of fillers have been explored in PDMS-based TENGs owing to their favorable properties, including biocompatibility, high sensitivity, nontoxicity, and superior electron mobility. These features make them particularly suitable for next-generation energy harvesting technologies. Unlike previous reviews, this work provides an in-depth and systematic overview of PDMS-based TENGs incorporating diverse fillers, with a focus on their impact on triboelectric performance and practical applications. It highlights the influence of these fillers on output efficiency and expands on their use in areas such as energy harvesting, self-powered sensing, human-machine interaction, and wearable devices. The review concludes by outlining current challenges, emphasizing the need for further research, and offering perspectives to guide future developments in this rapidly advancing field.