Automated classification of elliptical cancer cells with stain-free holographic imaging and self-supervised learning

Abstract

Image-based stain-free elliptical cancer cell classification is challenging, due to the inter-class morphological similarity. In this paper, we address the classification of different types of cancer cell lines (lung, breast, bladder, and skin) by utilizing self-supervised learning, and compare it with supervised learning based on convolutional neural network. Digital holography in a microscopic configuration was used to obtain stain-free quantitative phase images representing the intracellular content and morphology of cells. The performance of self-supervised learning in natural images shows promising results, and consistently closes the gap between self-supervised and supervised learning. The ability of self-supervised learning to effectively utilize unlabeled data for training is instrumental in the biomedical domain, where labeled data is scarce. Our goal is to study different self-supervised frameworks of biomedical holographic data, and determine how they can be utilized to advance liquid biopsy for the detection of cancer cells. After extensive experimentation, we conclude that self-supervised learning improves the classification performance on cancer cell datasets, and outperforms supervised learning when training data is limited, which is mostly the case in biomedical imaging. © 2024 Elsevier Ltd