Enhanced magnetization by defect-assisted exciton recombination in atomically thin CrCl3

Abstract

Two-dimensional semiconductors present unique opportunities to intertwine optical and magnetic functionalities and to tune these performances through defects and dopants. Here, we integrate exciton pumping into a quantum sensing protocol on nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond to image the optically induced transient stray fields in few-layer, antiferromagnetic CrCl3. We discover that exciton recombination enhances the in-plane magnetization of the CrCl3 layers, with a predominant effect in the surface monolayers. Concomitantly, time-resolved photoluminescence measurements reveal that nonradiative exciton recombination intensifies in atomically thin CrCl3 with tightly localized, nearly dipole-forbidden excitons and amplified surface-to-volume ratio. Supported by experiments under controlled surface exposure and density functional theory calculations, we interpret the magnetically enhanced state to result from a defect-assisted Auger recombination that optically activates electron transfer between water vapor related surface impurities and the spin-polarized conduction band. Our work validates defect engineering as a route to enhance intrinsic magnetism in single magnetic layers and opens an experimental platform for studying optically induced, transient magnetism in condensed matter systems. © 2024 American Physical Society.