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Blind Equalizers for High-Speed Optical Links

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Title
Blind Equalizers for High-Speed Optical Links
Alternative Title
초고속 광통신 시스템을 위한 블라인드 등화기
DGIST Authors
Kanghyun KoJi-Woong ChoiGain Kim
Advisor
최지웅
Co-Advisor(s)
Gain Kim
Issued Date
2026
Awarded Date
2026-02-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Blind Equalizer, Optical Communication
Abstract

This paper proposes two blind equalization techniques to address performance degradation caused by nonlinear impairments in long-haul 25 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM/DD) optical links. Accumulated attenuation and dispersion over the fiber channel distort the received waveform, and dispersion particularly introduces severe inter-symbol interference (ISI), which becomes a dominant impairment in high-speed and long-haul transmission scenarios. The proposed blind polynomial nonlinear equalizer (PNLE) combined with a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) first compensates nonlinear distortions using the PNLE, and subsequently suppresses residual ISI through the DFE. Furthermore, the blind maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) equalizer integrates iterative channel estimation with a reduced-complexity trellis search algorithm, thereby preserving high symbol detection accuracy. Performance evaluations confirm that both approaches achieve low bit-error-rate (BER) without pilot overhead and operate robustly under long-reach transmission conditions. As a result, both techniques achieve robust performance in long-haul IM/DD transmission and are validated as blind equalization schemes suitable for high-speed real-time system deployment. Keywords: Blind Equalizer, Optical Communication, Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), Bit-Error-Rate (BER), Intensity-Modulation/Direct-Dectection (IM/DD)|본 논문은 25 Gb/s non-return-to-zero (NRZ) 기반 intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) 장거리 광 링크에서 발생하는 비선형 왜곡으로 인한 성능 저하를 해결하기 위해 두 가지 블라인드 등화 기법을 제안한다. 광섬유 전송 이후 누적되는 감쇠와 분산은 신호 파형을 왜곡시키며, 특히 분산은 심볼간 간섭을 초래한다. 이러한 전송 장애 요인은 고속 장거리 통신의 성능을 결정하는 핵심 요소로 작용한다. 제안된 blind polynomial nonlinear equalizer (PNLE) 와 decision feedback equalizer (DFE)가 결합된 방식은 먼저 PNLE를 통해 비선형 보상을 하고, 후단의 DFE를 통해 잔류 ISI를 완화한다. 또한 blind maximum-likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) 방식은 반복적 채널 추정과 경량화한 탐색 기법을 결합하여 높은 검출 정확도를 유지한다. 성능 검증 결과, 두 방식 모두 파일럿 신호 없이도 낮은 비트 오류율을 유지하며 장거리 전송 환경에서 안정적으로 동작함이 확인되었다. 그 결과 두 방식은 장거리 IM/DD 전송에서 견고한 성능을 달성하며, 고속 실시간 시스템 적용에 적합한 블라인드 등화 기법임을 확인하였다.

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Table Of Contents
I. Introduction 1
II. Background 6
2.1 Ethernet Standard (IEEE 802.3cc~2017) 6
2.2 Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection (IM/DD) 7
2.3 Line Coding and Modulation in Transmitters 9
2.4 Optical Fiber Channel Characteristics and Signal Impairments 10
2.5 Receiver Signal Recovery and Eye-Diagram Evaluation 16
2.6 Digital Equalizer 18
2.6.1 Feed-Forward Equalizer (FFE) 19
2.6.2 Decision-Feedback Equalizer (DFE) 20
2.6.3 Volterra Equalizer 21
2.6.4 Polynomial Non-Linear Equalizer (PNLE) 23
2.6.5 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) 24
2.7 Coefficient Adaptation Principles in Training-Based and Blind Equalization 27
III. Proposed Blind Equalizers and Complexity Analysis 30
3.1 Blind PNLE-DFE 30
3.2 Blind MLSE 41
IV. Performance Evaluation of Proposed System 46
4.1 Simulation Setup 46
4.2 Performance Evaluation 49
4.3 Complexity Analysis 57
V. Conclusion 60
URI
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/59698
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000946806
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200000946806
Degree
Master
Department
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Publisher
DGIST
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