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Adenosine signaling mediated by tanycytic translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) deletion in the regulation of energy homeostasis
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- Title
- Adenosine signaling mediated by tanycytic translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) deletion in the regulation of energy homeostasis
- Alternative Title
- 띠뇌실막세포 내 TSPO의 유전적 삭제에 의해 매개되는 아데노신 신호 전달이 음식 섭취 조절에 미치는 역할
- DGIST Authors
- Nayoun Kim ; Eun-Kyoung Kim ; Sung Joong Lee
- Advisor
- 김은경
- Co-Advisor(s)
- Sung Joong Lee
- Issued Date
- 2025
- Awarded Date
- 2025-08-01
- Type
- Thesis
- Description
- hypothalamus, tanycyte, TSPO, adenosine, appetite, gliotransmitter
- Abstract
-
Tanycytes are a pivotal component of the hypothalamic network that controls energy homeostasis. Despite their importance, the regulatory mechanisms governing tanycyte– neuron interactions in response to metabolic signals remain unexplored. Herein, I report that adenosine signaling between tanycytes and AGRP/NPY neurons is crucial for tanycytic metabolic regulation mediated by translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO). Tanycyte-specific Tspo knockout mice displayed reduced food consumption and weight loss associated with the downregulation of Agrp and Npy expression under high-fat diet feeding. Tspo-deficient tanycytes had elevated levels of intracellular ATP, which was released via connexin 43 hemichannels and extracellularly converted into adenosine by tanycytic ectonucleotidases. The adenosine signal was perceived by adenosine A1 receptors on adjacent AGRP/NPY neurons, reducing ERK phosphorylation, which in turn downregulated Agrp and Npy expression. These findings underscore the anorexic role of adenosine as a gliotransmitter in the intricate communication between tanycytes and neurons for regulating appetite and body weight.|시상하부는 에너지 항상성 유지에 핵심적인 역할을 하는 신경 회로들이 존재하는 뇌 영역으로, 섭식 행동 및 에너지 대사 조절 중추로 알려져 있다. 특히, 시상하부 궁상핵 (Arcuate nucleus)에 위치한 Agouti-related peptide (AGRP)/Neuropeptide Y (NPY) 발현 신경세포는 활성화되면 음식 섭취를 유도한다. 최근 연구에서는 시상하부 제 3 뇌실벽을 따라 존재하는 특수한 아교세포 유형인 띠뇌실막세포 (tanycytes)가 뇌실 주변 환경으로부터 대사 관련 정보를 감지하고, 이를 신경세포에 전달함으로써 대사 조절에 기여한다는 점에서 주목받고 있다. 하지만 띠뇌실막세포가 대사 신호에 반응하여 신경세포와 상호작용하는 조절 기전이 아직 충분히 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 띠뇌실막세포 특이적으로 Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) 의 발현을 유전적으로 제거한 마우스 모델 (TanTspo cKO mice)을 활용하여, TSPO 결손이 Arcuate nucleus에 존재하는 AGRP/NPY 신경세포로 전달되는 아데노신 (adenosine) 신호를 통해 식욕 조절에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. TanTspo cKO mice는 고지방 식이 조건에서 음식 섭취량 감소 및 체중 감소, 에너지 소비가 증가하는 대사 표현형을 나타났으며, 이와 함께 식욕 촉진 신경펩티드인 Agrp와 Npy 발현이 유의미하게 감소하였다. 기전적으로는, Tspo가 결손된 띠뇌실막세포에서 증가한 세포 내 ATP 가 connexin 43 헤미채널을 통해 방출된다는 것을 확인하였다. 방출된 ATP는 띠뇌실막세포의 세포막에 존재하는 외부 뉴클레오타이드 분해효소에 의해 세포 외 공간에서 adenosine으로 전환되며, 이렇게 전환된 adenosine 은 인접한 AGRP/NPY 신경세포의 아데노신 A1 수용체에 신호 전달되어 AGRP/NPY 내의 ERK 인산화를 억제하였다. 이러한 ERK 인산화 억제는 결과적으로 Agrp와 Npy 신경펩티드 발현이 감소하여 식욕 감소 행동과 체중 감소 효과를 보였다. 본 연구는 띠뇌실막세포와 시상하부 신경세포 간 복잡한 상호작용에서 신경아교전달물질로서의 adenosine이 식욕과 체중을 조절하는 데 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 강조하며, 이는 띠뇌실막세포와 신경세포 간의 상호작용에 대한 이해를 도와 향후 대사질환의 치료를 위한 신경교세포 표적 전략 개발에 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
더보기
- Table Of Contents
-
Ⅰ. Introduction 1
1. Hypothalamus 1
2. Tanycytes 4
3. Translocator 18 kDa protein (TSPO) 7
4. Purinergic receptors 8
4.1. P1 receptors 8
4.2. P2 receptors 8
4.2.1. P2XRs 9
4.2.2. P2YRs 9
5. Ecto-enzymes and nucleoside transporter 10
5.1. Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (ENTPD) 10
5.2. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase (NT5E) 10
5.3. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) 10
5.4. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 11
6. Aims of the study 13
Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 14
1. Animals 14
1.1. Tanycyte-specific Tspo conditional knockout mice (TanTspo cKO) 14
1.2. Npy-hrGFP and Pomc-hrGFP mice 14
1.3. Agrp neuron-specific tdTomato expressed mice (AgRPtdTom) 14
2. Genotyping 14
3. Measurement of food intake and body weight 15
4. Immunohistochemistry 15
4.1. Tissue preparation and staining 15
4.2. Image analyzation 15
5. Glucose and insulin tolerance test 16
6. Body composition analysis 16
7. Indirect calorimetry 16
8. Generation of Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) 17
8.1. AAV-LUC-GPI-HA 17
8.2. AAV-shA1r-EGFP and AAV-shScram-EGFP 17
9. AAV injection 17
9.1. AAV-LUC-GPI-HA 17
9.2. AAV-shA1r-EGFP and AAV-shScram-EGFP 18
10. Extracellular ATP bioluminescence imaging 18
11. Cannulation 18
11.1. Unilateral cannulation 18
11.2. Bilateral cannulation 18
12. Intraventricular (icv) injection 19
12.1. Unilateral icv injection 19
12.2. Bilateral icv injection 19
13. Hypothalamic cell line culture 19
14. Indirect coculture system 19
15. Transfection of small interfering RNA (si-RNA) 20
16. Drug treatments 20
16.1. A2/29 cells 20
16.2. Indirect coculture of A2/29 cells with N41 cells or N43/5 cells 20
16.3. N41 cells and N43/5 cells 20
17. ATP assay 20
18. Adenosine assay 21
19. RNA extraction and reverse transcription 21
20. Real-time qPCR 21
21. Cell lysis 22
22. Western blot 22
23. Statistical analysis 22
Ⅲ. Results 27
1. Generation of TanTspo cKO mice 27
2. Phenotypes of TanTspo cKO and TanTspo WT in males and females 29
2.1. Phenotypes of TanTspo cKO and TanTspo WT in males 29
2.2. Phenotypes of TanTspo cKO and TanTspo WT in females 29
3. ATP release from tanycytes in TanTspo cKO and TanTspo WT mice 36
4. ATP release from tanycytes via connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels 39
4.1. ATP release from tanycytes via Cx43 hemichannels in vivo 39
4.2. ATP release from tanycytes via Cx43 hemichannels in vitro 39
5. Extracellular ATP conversion into adenosine by ectonucleotidases 44
5.1. Expression of ectonucleotidases and adenosine transporters in A2/29 cells and mouse hypothalamus 44
5.2. ATP released from tanycytes extracellularly converts to adenosine 44
6. Regulation of appetite-related neuropeptide expression by adenosine converted from extracellular ATP 49
6.1. Increase of extracellular ATP and adenosine levels in indirect coculture of A2/29 cells and N41 cells under oleic acid treatment 49
6.2. Regulation of Agrp and Npy expression by extracellular ATP or adenosine 49
7. Alteration of food consumption, body weight change, and Agrp/Npy expression in TanTspo cKO mice by inhibiting extracellularly ATP conversion 54
8. Expression of adenosine receptors in appetite-related neurons 56
8.1. Expression of adenosine receptors in AGRP/NPY neurons 56
8.2. Expression of adenosine receptors in POMC/CART neurons 56
9. Mediation of adenosine receptors in the regulation of appetite-related neuropeptides expression 59
9.1. A1R, not A2bR, on the AGRP/NPY neurons mediates the expression of Agrp and Npy 59
9.2. A1R on the POMC/CART neurons does not mediate the expression of Pomc and Cart 59
10. Alteration of food consumption, body weight change, and Agrp/Npy expression in TanTspo cKO mice by A1R inhibitor 63
11. Regulation of appetite-related neuropeptide expression by adenosine via A1R 65
11.1. Optimization of adenosine concentration 65
11.2. Adenosine downregulates Agrp and Npy expression via A1R 65
11.3. Adenosine does not affect Pomc and Cart expression 65
12. Modulation of food consumption, body weight change, and Agrp/Npy expression in wild type (WT) mice by adenosine or A1R inhibitor administration 69
13. No alteration of food consumption, body weight change, and Agrp/Npy expression in AGRP neuron-specific A1r-silenced mice by adenosine administration 71
14. A1R-mediated regulation of ERK and AKT phosphorylation by adenosine 73
14.1. Adenosine suppresses ERK and AKT phosphorylation via A1R 73
14.2. A1R reduces the expression of Agrp and Npy through the A1R–ERK pathway 73
15. Changes of phosphorylated ERK in mice 77
15.1. No changes of pERK in AgRPtdTom;shA1r mice by adenosine administration 77
15.2. Changes of pERK in TanTspo cKO mice by DPCPX administration 77
16. Regulation of Agrp and Npy expression by ATP via P2X4R 80
17. Changes in phosphorylation of downstream proteins of P2X4R by ATP 82
Ⅳ. Discussion 86
Ⅴ. Conclusion 90
References 91
Abstract in Korean 99
- URI
-
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/59749
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000888370
- Degree
- Doctor
- Department
- Department of Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- DGIST
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