Skin-Integrated Wearable Electronics: A Dual-Interface Perspective

Abstract

Skin-integrated wearable electronics enable continuous, medical-grade monitoring and therapy in daily life, but must balance conflicting needs related to mechanics, power, and communication. This review uses a dual-interface approach that separates the sensor–receiver interface, which handles wireless data and energy transfer, from the sensor–skin interface, where physiological signals are converted and mechanical and biological integration occur. We first reviewed wireless connections designed for skin electronics, focusing on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)/Near-Field Communication (NFC) systems, and hybrid systems. Next, we examine sensor–skin interfaces ranging from mediated contact layers such as hydrogels for wearable ultrasound and soft conductive electrodes, to skin-conformal direct-contact methods based on structural mechanics, and ultrathin epidermal devices. Finally, we discuss cross-interface coupling, emphasizing how antenna layouts, power budgets, and body-induced RF effects limit mechanical design, and how skin mechanics influence link reliability. We conclude by exploring opportunities in battery-free and energy-autonomous systems, body-coupled communication, and integration with artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled digital health, positioning future electronic skins as soft, networked platforms that are comfortable and reliable. © 2026 The Author(s). SmartSys published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Youke Publishing Co., Ltd.