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Investigation of Extracellular Tau Clearance and Intracellular Tau Aggregation in Alzheimer’s Disease

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dc.contributor.advisor 이성배 -
dc.contributor.author Chang Jae Yoo -
dc.date.accessioned 2026-09-01T19:29:17Z -
dc.date.available 2026-09-01T19:29:17Z -
dc.date.issued 2026 -
dc.identifier.uri https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/60715 -
dc.identifier.uri http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200001007689 -
dc.description Alzheimer’s disease, Tauopathy, CR4, LIPA -
dc.description.abstract 알츠하이머병 및 관련 타우병증은 뇌 내 타우 단백질 응집체의 축적을 특징으로 한다. 타우 병리는 세포 간 전달을 통해 뇌의 여러 영역으로 확산되며, 이러한 전파는 임상 증상의 진행과 밀접하게 연관된다. 따라서 세포 간 타우 전파를 억제하는 분자적 기전을 규명하는 것은 타우병증의 치료 전략 개발에 있어 중요하다. 그러나 세포 외부와 세포 내부에서 타우 병리를 조절하는 세포 기전은 아직 충분히 밝혀지지 않았다. 이에 본 학위논문에서는 미세아교세포에 의한 세포 외부 타우 제거와 지질 방울에 의한 세포 내부 타우 응집 조절 기전을 규명하고자 하였다.
첫째, 본 연구에서는 보체 수용체인 CR4 가 세포 외부 타우 섬유에 대한 미세아교세포 수용체로 기능하는지를 확인하였다. 그 결과, CR4 는 타우 단량체에는 결합하지 않고 타우 섬유에 선택적으로 결합하였다. 또한 CR4 억제 시 BV2 미세아교세포주와 일차 미세아교세포에서 타우 섬유의 섭취가 현저히 감소하였으나, 타우 단량체의 섭취에는 유의한 변화가 없었다. 더 나아가 CR4 억제는 세포 외부 타우 섬유의 제거를 저해하여, 대조군에 비해 타우 섬유가 세포 외부 공간에 더 높은 수준으로 잔존하게 하였다. 아울러 CR4 발현은 알츠하이머병 환자 뇌와 PS19 타우병증 마우스에서 증가되어 있었다. 이러한 결과는 CR4 가 세포 외부 타우 섬유 제거를 매개하는 새로운 미세아교세포 수용체임을 보여주며, 세포 간 타우 전파를 제한하기 위한 치료 표적으로서의 가능성을 시사한다.
둘째, 본 연구에서 PS19 타우병증 마우스의 해마를 대상으로 지질체 분석을 수행한 결과, 중성지질이 연령 증가에 따라 축적됨을 확인하였다. 또한 뇌 조직 염색을 통해 신경세포와 미세아교세포 모두에서 지질 방울 축적이 증가함을 확인하였다. N2a 신경세포주를 이용한 타우 응집 모델에서는 타우 응집이 지질 방울 축적을 유도하였고, 반대로 올레산 처리에 의한 지질 방울 증가는 타우 병리를 악화시켰다. 이어서 중성지질을 가수분해하는 리소좀 효소인 LIPA 를 발현시킨 결과, Lipa 과발현은 지질 방울 축적, 타우 응집, 리소좀 손상을 감소시켰다. 또한 PS19 마우스 해마에서의 LIPA 발현은 신경세포 소실, 신경염증, 타우 병리, 인지 기능 저하를 완화하였다. 이러한 결과는 LIPA 를 통한 리소좀 지질 분해의 증진이 지질 방울 축적과 타우 병리를 억제함을 보여주며, LIPA 가 타우 응집 감소와 질병 진행 지연을 위한 유력한 치료 표적이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.
종합하면, 본 학위논문은 타우 병리가 세포 외부와 세포 내부 환경에서 각각 어떠한 기전에 의해 조절되는지를 규명하였다. 즉, CR4 매개 세포 외부 타우 섬유 제거 기전과 LIPA 에 의한 지질 방울 조절 기전을 제시함으로써, 병적 타우 응집체를 조절하는 세포 기전에 대한 이해를 확장하였다. 나아가 본 연구는 타우 병리를 감소시키고 질병 진행을 조절하기 위한 치료 전략 개발에 개념적 틀과 기전적 근거를 제공한다.|Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related tauopathies are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded tau aggregates in the brain. Tau pathology undergoes disease-specific spatiotemporal propagation through intercellular transmission and is closely associated with the progression of clinical symptoms. Therefore, identifying the molecular mechanisms that restrain tau propagation is critical for the development of therapeutic strategies for tauopathies. However, the cellular processes that regulate tau pathology across extracellular and intracellular compartments remain incompletely understood. This dissertation investigates two distinct cellular mechanisms involved in tau pathology: microglial clearance of extracellular tau fibrils and intracellular tau aggregation in neurons.

First, innate immune receptors expressed by microglia play critical roles in the clearance of extracellular toxic molecules, we investigated whether complement receptor 4 (CR4) functions as a microglial receptor for extracellular tau fibrils. We found that CR4 selectively binds tau fibrils, but not tau monomers. Inhibition of CR4 markedly reduced tau fibril uptake by BV2 cells and primary microglia, whereas tau monomer uptake by BV2 cells was unaffected. In addition, CR4 inhibition impaired extracellular tau fibril clearance, resulting in the persistence of higher levels of seed-competent tau fibrils in the extracellular space compared with controls. We further found that CR4 expression is elevated in the brains of patients with AD and in PS19 tauopathy mice. Collectively, these findings identify CR4 as a previously unrecognized microglial receptor that mediates the clearance of extracellular tau fibrils and suggest CR4 as a potential therapeutic target for limiting tau propagation.

Second, emerging evidence highlights lipid dysregulation as an important feature of AD pathology. However, the mechanistic link between altered intracellular lipid homeostasis and tau aggregation remains poorly understood. Lipidomic analyses of PS19 tauopathy mice revealed an age-dependent increase in neutral lipid species in the hippocampus, and histological analyses further demonstrated increased LD accumulation in both neurons and microglia. In an N2a cell–based seeded tau aggregation model, tau aggregation induced LD accumulation, whereas oleic acid–induced LD expansion further exacerbated tau pathology. To facilitate lysosomal LD degradation, we expressed lipase A (LIPA), the only known lysosomal lipase that hydrolyzes neutral lipids during lipophagy. Lipa overexpression reduced LD accumulation, tau aggregation, and lysosomal damage in tau-seeded N2a cells. Moreover, hippocampal LIPA expression in PS19 mice attenuated neuronal loss, neuroinflammation, tau pathology, and cognitive impairment. Collectively, these findings indicate that enhancing lysosomal lipid degradation through LIPA suppresses LD accumulation and tau pathology in both cellular and animal models of tauopathy. They also support LIPA as a candidate therapeutic target for reducing tau aggregation and slowing disease progression.

Overall, this dissertation provides mechanistic insight into how tau pathology can be regulated in extracellular and intracellular contexts. By defining CR4-mediated extracellular tau fibril clearance and LIPA- associated lysosomal lipid regulation, these findings contribute to a broader understanding of the cellular mechanisms that regulate pathological tau tangles. In this regard, the present study provides a conceptual and mechanistic basis for therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing tau pathology and modifying disease progression.
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dc.description.tableofcontents I. General introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
II. Part 1. Complement receptor 4 mediates the clearance of extracellular tau fibrils by microglia 6
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Materials and Methods 13
2.2.1 Animals 13
2.2.2 Cell culture 13
2.2.3 TEM 13
2.2.4 Western blot analysis 14
2.2.5 Dot-blot analysis 14
2.2.6 Immunoprecipitation 15
2.2.7 Immunofluorescence analysis 15
2.2.8 qRT-PCR 16
2.2.9 Uptake assay of tau fibrils by BV2 cells and primary microglia 17
2.2.10 Uptake assay of tau monomers by BV2 cells 18
2.2.11 Uptake assay of dextran, transferrin and zymosan by BV2 cells 18
2.2.12 Clearance assay of tau fibrils by BV2 cells 18
2.2.13 Tau seeding assay 19
2.2.14 Analysis of human dataset 19
2.2.15 Statistical analysis 20
2.3 Results 21
2.3.1 CR4 interacts with tau fibrils 21
2.3.2 Inhibiting CR4 reduces the uptake of tau fibrils 25
2.3.3 Inhibiting CR4 has no effect on the uptake of tau monomers 30
2.3.4 Inhibiting CR4 reduces the clearance of extracellular tau fibrils 32
2.3.5 Inhibiting CR4 leads to more seed-competent tau fibrils remaining in the culture media of microglial cells than control 34
2.3.6 The expression of CR4 is upregulated in the brains of human AD patients and a mouse model of tauopathy 36
2.4 Discussion 39
2.4.1 Extracellular tau receptors 39
2.4.2 Microglial clearance of extracellular tau fibrils 39
2.4.3 CR4-dependent modulation of tau receptor expression 40
2.4.4 Structural basis for CR4 binding to tau fibrils 41
2.4.5 Dual roles of microglial activation in tau pathology 41
2.4.6 In vivo validation of CR4 function 42
2.4.7 CR4 expression in tauopathy 43
2.4.8 CR4 as a therapeutic target 43
2.4.9 Concluding Remarks 44
III. Part 2. LIPA overexpression attenuates lipid droplet accumulation and tau pathology by enhancing lipophagy 46
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Materials and Methods 54
3.2.1 Animals 54
3.2.2 Stereotaxic injection 54
3.2.3 Behavioral tests 54
3.2.4 Immunohistochemistry 55
3.2.5 Immunohistochemistry for lipid droplet 55
3.2.6 Sequential extraction of brain lysates 56
3.2.7 N2a model of tau aggregation 56
3.2.8 Immunocytochemistry 57
3.2.9 Immunocytochemistry for lipid droplet 57
3.2.10 Thioflavin S staining 57
3.2.11 Sequential extraction of cell lysates 58
3.2.12 Western blot analysis 58
3.2.13 qRT-PCR 58
3.2.14 Statistical analysis 59
3.3 Results 60
3.3.1 Progressive lipid droplet accumulation in hippocampal neurons and microglia in PS19 mice 60
3.3.2 Tau aggregation promotes lipid droplet accumulation in N2a cells 66
3.3.3 Oleic acid-induced lipid droplets aggravate tau aggregation in N2a model of tau aggregation 70
3.3.4 Lipa overexpression reduces lipid droplet accumulation in N2a model of tau aggregation 73
3.3.5 Lipa overexpression attenuates lysosomal damage in N2a model of tau aggregation 75
3.3.6 Lipa overexpression enhances lipophagy in N2a cells 77
3.3.7 Lipa overexpression attenuates tau aggregation in N2a model of tau aggregation 79
3.3.8 AAV-mediated hippocampal Lipa expression mitigates disease progression in PS19 mice 82
3.3.9 Lipa expression ameliorates cognitive deficits in PS19 mice 85
3.3.10 Lipa expression attenuates hippocampal neuronal loss in PS19 mice 87
3.3.11 Lipa expression reduces neuroinflammation in PS19 mice 89
3.3.12 Lipa expression attenuates tau aggregation in PS19 mice 92
3.4 Discussion 95
3.4.1 Progressive lipid alterations in tauopathy 95
3.4.2 Neuronal lipid droplets 95
3.4.3 Bidirectional relationship between lipid droplets and tau aggregation 96
3.4.4 LIPA preserves lysosomal integrity 97
3.4.5 Enhancing LIPA in tauopathy 97
3.4.6 Lipotoxicity across lipolysis and lipophagy 98
3.4.7 Concluding Remarks 98
IV. Conclusion 100
V. References 102
VI. 국문요약 122
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dc.format.extent 122 -
dc.language eng -
dc.publisher DGIST -
dc.title Investigation of Extracellular Tau Clearance and Intracellular Tau Aggregation in Alzheimer’s Disease -
dc.title.alternative 알츠하이머병에서 세포 외부 타우 제거와 세포 내부 타우 응집 기전에 관한 연구 -
dc.type Thesis -
dc.identifier.doi 10.22677/THESIS.200001007689 -
dc.description.degree Doctor -
dc.contributor.department Department of Brain Sciences -
dc.contributor.coadvisor Jaekwang Kim -
dc.date.awarded 2026-08-01 -
dc.publisher.location Daegu -
dc.description.database dCollection -
dc.citation XT.BD 유82 202608 -
dc.date.accepted 2026-07-21 -
dc.contributor.alternativeDepartment 뇌과학과 -
dc.subject.keyword Alzheimer’s disease, Tauopathy, CR4, LIPA -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Chang Jae Yoo -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Sung Bae Lee -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Jaekwang Kim -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 유창재 -
dc.contributor.alternativeName Sung Bae Lee -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 김재광 -
dc.rights.embargoReleaseDate 2028-08-31 -
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