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Investigation of artificial spiral spin configurations and their electrical properties

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Title
Investigation of artificial spiral spin configurations and their electrical properties
DGIST Authors
Won-Chang ChoiJung-Il HongChun-Yeol You
Advisor
홍정일
Co-Advisor(s)
Chun-Yeol You
Issued Date
2026
Awarded Date
2026-08-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Spin-orbit torque, Helical spin texture, Antiferromagnetic spin control, Exchange bias, Magnetotransport, Nonvolatile resistance memory, Ferrimagnet compensation temperature
Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate electrical control of non-collinear spin textures and their associated physical properties by manipulating antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin alignment via spin–orbit torque (SOT). First, we show that an artificial helical spin structure can be realized in CoNiO/CoNi/CoNiO/Pt multilayers through competing exchange pinning at the top and bottom interfaces of the ferromagnetic layer. By selectively controlling one AFM layer using SOT, orthogonal pinning conditions are established, leading to a continuous rotation of spins along the thickness. The formation of the helical spin texture and its electrically switchable chirality are confirmed through magnetic hysteresis, magnetotransport, and domain imaging measurements. Next, we demonstrate deterministic and reversible electrical switching between uniform and helical spin configurations in Pt/NiO/Ni/NiO heterostructures. The two spin states are directly encoded into distinct and stable resistance levels, enabling nonvolatile resistance-state memory operation without external magnetic fields. Thickness dependent analysis reveals that the resistance contrast originates from intrinsic changes in the Ni layer associated with its spin configuration, while Brillouin light scattering measurements provide dynamic evidence of the non-collinear spin texture. Finally, we extend this concept to ferrimagnetic systems and demonstrate electrical tuning of the compensation temperature in Pt/IrMn₃/CoGd multilayers. Selective exchange coupling between IrMn₃ and Co sublattice induces a non-collinear spiral spin configuration in CoGd, resulting in a significant modulation of the compensation temperature. The magnitude of the temperature shift can be precisely controlled by the amplitude and duration of the applied SOT and is verified through both experimental measurements and mean-field calculations. Overall, this work establishes a unified approach for electrically engineering spin configurations from collinear to non-collinear states and demonstrates that spin texture itself can serve as a key parameter for controlling magnetic and transport properties. These results provide a new pathway toward spintronic devices based on controllable spin textures, including nonvolatile memory and tunable magnetic functionalities.|나선형 스핀 구조 형성 및 물성 제어

본 논문은 스핀–궤도 토크(spin–orbit torque)를 이용하여 반강자성체의 스핀 정렬을 전기적으로 제어하고, 이를 기반으로 자성층 내 나선형 스핀 구조를 인공적으로 형성하며, 그에 따른 자기 및 전기적 물성을 능동적으로 조절하는 새로운 접근을 제시한다.
먼저, CoNiO/CoNi/CoNiO 다층 구조에서 상하부 반강자성층이 서로 다른 방향으로 강자성층을 핀닝하도록 설계하여, 나선형 스핀 구조를 구현하였다. 한쪽 반강자성층을 SOT로 선택적으로 제어함으로써 나선형 스핀의 회전방향을 전기적으로 가역 제어할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 나선형 스핀 구조는 자기 이력 곡선, 자기수송, 그리고 도메인 이미징을 통해 검증되었다.
이어, Pt/NiO/Ni/NiO 구조에서는 스핀-궤도 토크를 활용하여 uniform 상태와 helical 상태 간의 결정론적이고 반복 가능한 전기적 스위칭을 구현하였다. 두 스핀 상태는 서로 다른 저항값으로 안정적으로 구분되며, 외부 자기장 없이도 유지되는 비휘발성 저항 상태를 형성한다. 또한 두께 의존성 분석을 통해 저항 변화가 스핀 구조 변화에 따른 Ni 층의 고유 비저항 변화에서 기인함을 규명하였다.
마지막으로, Pt/IrMn3/CoGd 다층 구조에서는 선택적 교환 결합을 통해 non-collinear 스핀 구조를 형성하고, 이를 기반으로 보상온도를 효과적으로 제어하였다. 특히 SOT의 세기와 인가 시간에 따라 온도 변화를 정밀하게 조절할 수 있음을 확인하였다.
결론적으로 본 연구는 반강자성 제어를 통해 스핀 배열 자체를 설계 변수로 활용하고, 전기적 수송 특성 및 열역학적 물성을 동시에 제어할 수 있음을 보여준다. 이는 비휘발성 메모리 및 차세대 스핀트로닉스 소자 설계를 위한 새로운 방향을 제시한다.

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Table Of Contents
List of Contents

Abstract i
List of contents ii
List of tables iv
List of figures V

Chapter 1. Theoretical background 1
1.1 Magnetism 1
1.1.1 Ferromagnetism 2
1.1.2 Antiferromagnetism 4
1.1.3 Ferrimagnetism 7
1.1.4 Helimagnetism 9
1.2 Exchange bias in AFM/FM systems 12
1.3 Electrical manipulation of magnetic order 15
1.3.1 Spin Hall effect 15
1.3.2 Spin-orbit torque 17
1.3.3 Electrical control of antiferromagnets by spin-orbit torque 19
Chapter 2. Formation of artificial helical spin structure within a 90° rotation range 22
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Experimental methods 27
2.3 Magnetic ordering and Néel temperature of Co0.7Ni0.3O 29
2.4 Ferromagnet thickness dependence of helical spin formation 31
2.5 Formation of helical spin structure by spin-orbit torque 34
2.6 Magnetic property of helical spin structure 35
2.6.1 Angular dependence of M-H loops 35
2.6.2 Angular dependence of magnetoresistance 38
2.6.3 Tilted domain wall depending on the chirality 40
2.7 Conclusion 44
Chapter 3. Electrically Reconfiguration of Helical Spin Textures with Nonvolatile Resistance-
State Memory 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Experimental method 48
3.3 Polar plot of ΔR for single Ni layer 49
3.4 Control the helical spin texture in Pt/NiO/Ni/NiO multilayers 50
3.5 Comparison of resistivity ratios of Ni and Pt 55
3.6 Switching of resistance state between uniform and helical spin texture 56
3.7 Thickness of Ni 58
3.8 Brillouin light scattering (BLS) spectra of Ni with and without NiO pinning 60
3.9 Spin dynamic properties of helical spin texture 62
3.10 Control of chirality of helical spin texture 65
3.11 Conclusion 68
Chapter 4. Electrical Tuning of Spin Alignment of Ferrimagnet and Its Compensation
Temperature in Exchange Coupled Pt/IrMn3/CoGd Multilayers 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Experimental method 72
4.3 Compensation temperature of CoGd 74
4.4 Spin-orbit torque-induced modification of spin configuration in CoGd 76
4.5 Tuning of compensation temperature by selective IrMn3 pinning 80
4.6 Precise tuning of Tc by varying SOT pulse conditions 84
4.7 Verification of no thermal effect 86
4.7.1 ΔRH distribution depending on the charge current strength 86
4.7.2 Au specimen instead of Pt 87
4.8 Mean-field calculation of compensation temperature variation 88
4.8.1 Simulation for compensation temperature of CoGd 88
4.8.2 Simulation for spiral state 91
4.8.3 Variation of Co/Gd exchange energy across the thickness direction 93
4.9 Conclusion 94
Chapter 5. Summary 95
References 100
Summary (in Korean) 100
URI
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/60754
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200001006720
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200001006720
Degree
Doctor
Department
Department of Physics and Chemistry
Publisher
DGIST
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