Interfacial Engineering in Wearable Piezoelectric Nanogenerators: A Path to Sustainable Future in Self-Powered Electronics

Abstract

The integration of advanced materials science with electronics has catalyzed the development of wearable technologies, necessitating sustainable and efficient energy sources to power these devices. Wearable piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have emerged as a promising solution, converting biomechanical energy from human motion into electrical energy through the piezoelectric effect. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in PENG technology, focusing on material innovations, structural design improvements, and expanding applications. Key topics include wearable piezoelectric nanogenerator-based brain simulation and motion capturing, self-powered blood pressure sensors, porous PZT composite thin Film-based nanogenerators for wearable pressure sensors, and wearable laser lift-off technique-based PZT thin film energy harvesters for arterial pulse monitoring. The review also covers wearable Lead Indium Niobate-Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PIN-PMN-PT) nanogenerators for implantable biomedical applications, flexible PMN-PZT nanogenerators for cardiac heart rate monitoring, flexible piezoelectric eye movement sensors, and wearable Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMN-PT) ribbons-based voice and muscular movement sensors. Challenges in integrating these technologies into wearable devices, including mechanical durability and biocompatibility, are discussed along with proposed solutions. The article aims to highlight the transformative potential of PENGs in advancing wearable technology, providing insights into their future impact on self-powered systems. © 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.