Post-Quantum Cryptography Migration on V2X Certificate using KpqC Algorithms

Abstract

Connected vehicles utilizing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication enhance road safety and transportation efficiency, supporting cooperative autonomous driving through real-time interactions. However, increased connectivity raises cyber-attack risks, endangering driver and pedestrian safety. This highlights the urgent need to integrate Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) into vehicular communications [6]. In this paper, we implement the Korean PQC digital signature algorithm HAETAE for V2X environments and compare its performance with the NIST PQC signature scheme, ML-DSA which is derived from CRYSTALS-DILITHIUM, and traditional signatures, RSA, and ECC under TLS 1.3 environments. Results indicate that PQC algorithms introduce substantial overhead, whereas traditional algorithms produce smaller certificates. Specifically, HAETAE provides more efficient certificates than ML-DSA [3], minimizing latency impacts in TLS operations. These findings inform the critical balance between enhanced security and certificate size, guiding future post-quantum TLS designs. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.