Progress in synthesis of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based nanostructures for energy harvesting and storage: A review

Abstract

Ti3C2Tx MXene, a two-dimensional transition metal carbide, has emerged as a highly promising material for energy harvesting applications due to its exceptional electrical conductivity, large surface area, and tunable surface chemistry. This review presents a comprehensive overview of recent progress in synthesizing Ti3C2Tx MXene and its nanostructured composites, highlighting both conventional and fluoride-free etching methods. We explore the integration of MXene with other functional materials to enhance its performance in solar cells, triboelectric nanogenerators, supercapacitors, and printed batteries. Special attention is given to the role of surface terminations, interlayer interactions, and structural modifications in optimizing electrochemical and mechanical properties. Finally, we discuss current challenges-such as oxidation stability, scalable production, and surface functionalization- and propose future directions for advancing MXene-based technologies in sustainable energy systems.