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Synergistic anti-obesity effects of combining vitamin C metabolites with intermittent fasting

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Title
Synergistic anti-obesity effects of combining vitamin C metabolites with intermittent fasting
Alternative Title
비타민 C 대사산물과 간헐적 단식의 병합을 통한 상승적 항비만 효과 연구
DGIST Authors
Sungjoon OhEun-Kyoung KimNo Soo Kim
Advisor
김은경
Co-Advisor(s)
No Soo Kim
Issued Date
2026
Awarded Date
2026-02-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Obesity, vitamin C metabolism, threonic acid, intermittent fasting, combination therapy, hypothalamic neuropeptides
Abstract

Obesity is increasing worldwide, representing a significant public health challenge. Intermittent fasting (IF) has garnered attention as a safe and sustainable approach for obesity treatment, yet its weight loss efficacy is relatively modest compared to that of pharmacologic anti-obesity therapies. While combination therapy involving IF may enhance therapeutic efficacy of IF, the synergistic benefits of pairing IF with nutrient-derived metabolites remain poorly understood. Here, I investigated the synergistic anti-obesity effects of combining IF with ascorbic acid (AA) or its metabolite, threonic acid (TA), and explored the underlying hypothalamic mechanisms. In diet-induced obese mice, the combination of IF and TA led to more pronounced reductions in body weight and food intake, as well as improvements in energy expenditure and glycemic control compared with either intervention alone or equimolar concentrations of AA. These metabolic benefits were associated with the anorexigenic action of TA in reversing fasting-induced upregulation of the hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides NPY and AGRP. In the hypothalamus, TA competed with glucose for uptake via glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3), while IF boosted the TA uptake through both glucose depletion and upregulation of GLUT3, resulting in a more robust suppression of NPY and AGRP expression. Collectively, these findings highlight the combination of TA with IF as a promising metabolite-based combinatorial strategy to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of obesity treatment.|비만은 전세계적으로 주요한 공중보건 문제로, 효과적이면서도 안전한 치료 전략의 개발이 지속적으로 요구되고 있다. 간헐적 단식(intermittent fasting, IF)은 비만 치료에 있어 안전하고 지속 가능한 식이 요법으로 인정받고 있으나, 약물 기반 항비만 치료제에 비해 체중 감소 폭이 제한적이라는 한계가 있어 복합 요법(combination therapy)을 통한 치료 효율의 향상이 요구된다. 그러나 영양소 유래 대사산물의 투여와 IF의 병행에 따른 상승 효과에 대해서는 아직 충분히 규명되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 비타민 C의 주요 대사산물 중 하나인 트레오닉산(threonic acid, TA)이 IF와 병행될 때 나타나는 상승적(synergistic) 항비만 효과와 그 시상하부 기전을 규명하고자 하였다. 고지방식이로 비만을 유도한 생쥐 모델에서, IF와 TA를 병합 처리한 군은 단독 처리군(IF 또는 TA 단독)에 비해 체중과 섭식량이 현저히 감소하였으며, 에너지 소비 증가 및 혈당 조절 개선 등의 대사적 이점을 보였다. 이러한 항비만 효과는 시상하부 내 식욕 촉진 신경펩타이드인 neuropeptide Y (NPY) 및 agouti-related peptide(AGRP)의 발현이 유의적으로 억제된 것과 밀접하게 관련되어 있었다. 분자적 기전 분석 결과, TA는 시상하부 뉴런에서 포도당 수송체 3(glucose transporter 3, GLUT3)을 통해 포도당과 경쟁적으로 세포 내로 유입되었으며, IF는 포도당 고갈 및 GLUT3 발현의 증가를 유도함으로써 TA의 흡수를 촉진하였다. 그 결과, NPY및 AGRP 발현이 보다 강력하게 억제되어 식욕이 감소하고 체중이 조절되는 현상이 관찰되었다. 종합적으로, 본 연구는 비타민 C 대사산물 TA와 간헐적 단식의 병합이 대사 항상성 회복과 비만 개선에 있어 상승적 치료 효과를 보이는 새로운 대사산물 기반 전략임을 제시하며, 향후 대사성 질환의 치료 효율을 높이기 위한 병합 요법의 가능성을 제안한다.

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Table Of Contents
Ⅰ. Introduction 1
1. Intermittent fasting (IF) as a therapeutic strategy for obesity 1
2. Combination therapies for obesity involving IF 3
3. Vitamin C and its metabolites as therapeutic adjuncts to IF for obesity treatment 3
4. Abundant distribution of vitamin C in the brain 6
5. Potential role of vitamin C and its metabolites in hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis 6
6. Aims of the study 9

Ⅱ. Materials and Methods 10
1. Chemicals and reagents 10
2. Animal studies 10
3. Intraperitoneal injections of AA, [13C6]-AA, or TA 11
4. Body composition and indirect calorimetry 11
5. Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis 12
6. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests 12
7. Hypothalamic cell line culture 12
8. Cell viability assay 13
9. Gene knockdown by siRNA transfection 13
10. ROS measurement 13
11. Western blot analysis 14
12. Quantitative real-time PCR 14
13. LC-MS/MS analysis 15
14. Immunohistochemistry 15
15. Statistical analysis and drawing chemical structures 16

Ⅲ. Results 20
1. Combining IF with AA enhances its anti-obesity effects in DIO mice 20
2. Fasting increases AA uptake in the hypothalamus via SVCT2, leading to the downregulation of orexigenic neuropeptide expression 28
3. AA is metabolized in the hypothalamus 39
4. DHA and TA downregulate hypothalamic Npy/Agrp expression 44
5. TA is a key metabolite downregulating Npy/Agrp expression 50
6. TA and IF synergistically ameliorate obesity in DIO mice 56
7. TA uptake via glucose transporters is elevated under fasting, resulting in downregulation of orexigenic neuropeptide expression in the hypothalamus 66
8. GLUT3 is required for the enhancement of anorexigenic effects of TA by fasting 73

Ⅳ. Discussion 81

Ⅴ. Conclusion 85

References 86

Abstract in Korean 94
URI
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/59587
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000947248
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200000947248
Degree
Doctor
Department
Department of Brain Sciences
Publisher
DGIST
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