Advanced frugal methodology for accessible precision materials processing and characterization

Abstract

Frugal science offers transformative potential by democratizing access to scientific research through the replacement of specialized, high-cost laboratory instruments with accessible, low-cost alternatives. In this study, we introduce three universal advanced frugal toolkit that enable the cost-effective validation of experimental concepts across diverse engineering disciplines. We demonstrate that a repurposed household fan motor functions as an effective spin-coater substitute, exhibiting angular velocity stability that yields thin films with uniformity and morphology comparable to commercial systems. Furthermore, we establish that a common tack can be employed for nanoindentation to induce reproducible localized plastic deformation, facilitating the reliable comparative assessment of surface mechanical properties. Additionally, we show that diamond cutter-scribed guide trenches on silicon substrates successfully direct the graphoepitaxy of block copolymers, producing highly ordered nanopatterns comparable to those achieved by advanced EUV lithography. These accessible advanced frugal methods preserve critical performance characteristics while significantly lowering financial and logistical barriers, thereby supporting rapid prototyping, risk-averse decision-making, and inclusive innovation in both resource-limited and well-funded research environments.