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A translational and multimodal study of region-specific olfactory pathology in Alzheimer’s disease

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Title
A translational and multimodal study of region-specific olfactory pathology in Alzheimer’s disease
Alternative Title
알츠하이머병의 영역 특이적 후각 병리에 관한 중개적, 다중모달 연구
DGIST Authors
Da Hae JungCheil MoonAli Jahanshahi
Advisor
문제일
Co-Advisor(s)
Ali Jahanshahi
Issued Date
2026
Awarded Date
2026-08-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Olfactory dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease, Amyloid-β, Phosphorylated tau, Apolipoprotein E, Glial activation, Neuroinflammation
Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, tau pathology, and neuroinflammatory changes, and olfactory dysfunction is frequently observed during early disease stages. However, the relationship between peripheral olfactoryassociated molecular signals and central olfactory pathology remains poorly defined. This thesis investigated region-specific AD-related pathology along the nose-brain axis, focusing on the olfactory epithelium (OE), olfactory bulb (OB), and olfactory cortex (OC) through an integrated analysis of nasal discharge fluid and human postmortem olfactory tissue. Nasal discharge fluid was collected from a cross-sectional cohort spanning cognitively normal individuals, preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD, and analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ultrasensitive single-molecule array (Simoa) immunoassay, and discovery proteomics, with parallel amyloid positron emission tomography (Aβ-PET) and olfactory testing. Human postmortem OB and OC tissues across the AD continuum were examined using immunohistochemistry, morphological quantification, and co-expression network analysis. In nasal discharge fluid, Aβ42 showed the strongest association with cognitive impairment and Aβ-PET burden, suggesting that nasal Aβ42 may reflect selected amyloid-related changes across the AD continuum. In contrast, normalized nasal phosphorylated tau/total tau (pTau/tTau) and Simoa-based nasal pTau181 did not show consistent associations with clinical group, Aβ-PET burden, or olfactory performance. Exploratory proteomic analysis identified apolipoprotein E (ApoE) as a candidate AD-associated peripheral molecular signal. Postmortem analyses revealed Aβ, pTau, ApoE accumulation, and glial activation in both the OB and OC, with distinct regional patterns. The OB showed stronger coupling between microglial activation and pathological protein burden, whereas the OC showed stronger astrocyte-associated remodeling. ApoE protein accumulation was observed across olfactory regions independently of APOE ε4 genotype, suggesting that local pathological responses are not confined to genotype-defined risk. Overall, these findings support the nose-brain axis as a regionally vulnerable and translationally relevant system in AD. Nasal discharge fluid may provide selective peripheral molecular information, while central olfactory tissues reveal region-specific proteinopathy, glial activation, and ApoE-related pathology, together defining a multi-level framework for studying early AD-related vulnerability.|본 논문은 알츠하이머병에서 후각축을 따라 나타나는 영역 특이적 병리 변화를 규명하기 위해 비강 분비액 분석과 인간 사후 뇌조직 분석을 통합적으로 수행하였다. 후각상피와 연결된 비강 분비액에서는 아밀로이드 베타 42가 인지기능 저하 및 뇌 아밀로이드 침착과 가장 뚜렷한 관련성을 보였으며, 이는 비강 분비액이 알츠하이머병 진행 과정에서 일부 아밀로이드 관련 변화를 반영할 가능성을 시사한다. 반면 비강 인산화 타우 관련 지표들은 임상군 및 영상 지표와 일관된 관련성을 보이지 않아, 비강 분비액이 모든 알츠하이머병 관련 병리 과정을 동일하게 반영하지는 않음을 보여주었다. 탐색적 단백체 분석에서는 아포지단백 E가 알츠하이머병 관련 후보 말초 분자 신호로 확인되었다. 인간 사후 뇌조직 분석에서는 후각망울과 후각피질 모두에서 아밀로이드 베타, 인산화 타우, 아포지단백 E 축적 및 신경교세포 활성화가 관찰되었으나, 영역별 병리 구조는 서로 달랐다. 후각망울에서는 미세아교세포와 병리 단백질의 연결성이 두드러진 반면, 후각피질에서는 별아교세포 반응과 병리 변화의 연결성이 더 뚜렷하였다. 또한 아포지단백 E 단백질 축적은 APOE ε4 유전자형과 독립적으로 관찰되어, 국소 병리 반응이 유전자형 기반 위험에만 국한되지 않음을 시사하였다. 종합하면, 본 논문은 후각축이 알츠하이머병에서 영역 특이적으로 취약한 시스템임을 보여주며, 비강 분비액이 선택적인 말초 분자 정보를 제공할 수 있고 중추 후각 조직이 영역 특이적 병리와 신경염증 환경을 함께 드러낸다는 점에서, 후각축이 초기 알츠하이머병의 다층적 취약성을 이해할 수 있는 연구 틀임을 제시한다.

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Table Of Contents
I. Introduction 1
1.1 Alzheimer’s disease: Clinical and pathological challenges 1
1.2 Research background 2
1.2.1 The olfactory system: Anatomy, function, and early vulnerability 2
1.2.2 Olfactory dysfunction in AD and diagnostic opportunity 5
1.2.3 Region-specific neuroinflammation and glial diversity in the olfactory system 7
1.2.4 Non-invasive fluid-based approaches and the promise of nasal discharge 8
1.3 Conceptual framework of the thesis: The nose-brain axis from detection to processing 10
1.4 Research hypotheses and objectives 14
1.5 Thesis overview 15
II. Materials and methods 17
2.1 Study design and ethics 17
2.1.1 Nasal discharge fluid study 17
2.1.2 Human postmortem brain tissue study 18
2.2 Nasal discharge fluid collection and storage 22
2.3 ELISA 23
2.4 Western blot 23
2.5 Simoa 24
2.6 Proteomics data analysis 24
2.7 Aβ-PET imaging 25
2.8 Olfactory testing 25
2.9 Immunohistochemistry 26
2.9.1 Double immunofluorescence staining 26
2.9.2 DAB immunohistochemistry 30
2.10 Image analysis 30
2.10.1 Microglial morphology analysis 33
2.10.2 Astrocyte morphology analysis 34
2.10.3 Regional comparison score (OC/OB Score) calculation 34
2.11 Statistical analysis 35
2.11.1 Nasal discharge fluid study statistical analysis 35
2.11.2 Human postmortem brain tissue study statistical analysis 36
2.12 Human postmortem brain tissue study co-expression analysis 39
III. Olfactory epithelium: Peripheral detection and accessible pathology 40
3.1 OE as a peripheral access point 40
3.2 Aβ42: Clinical correlations with Aβ-PET and cognition 41
3.2.1 Study population 41
3.2.2 Assessing the association between nasal Aβ42 levels and cognitive impairment 44
3.2.3 Assessing the association between each quartile group of nasal Aβ42 and cognitive function 46
3.2.4 Assessing the association between nasal Aβ42 and brain amyloid in PET 48
3.2.5 Assessing the association between nasal Aβ42 and risk of developing AD 50
3.2.6 Assessing the discriminative power of nasal Aβ42 as a biomarker 53
3.3 pTau 56
3.3.1 Assessing the association between nasal pTau/tTau levels and clinical groups 56
3.3.2 Assessing the association between nasal pTau/tTau and brain amyloid in PET 58
3.3.3 Assessing the association between nasal pTau/tTau and B-SIT performance 58
3.3.4 Simoa nasal pTau181 detection 58
3.4 Discovery proteomics identifies ApoE as a candidate peripheral signal in AD 61
IV. Olfactory bulb: encoding and neuroimmune transformation 64
4.1 OB as a functional relay and immunological interface 64
4.2 Aβ and pTau progression 64
4.3 Microglial activation 69
4.4 Astrocytic changes 75
4.5 ApoE protein accumulation and colocalization 81
4.6 Co-expression networks: microglia-centric inflammatory architecture 86
V. Olfactory cortex: higher-order processing and cortical pathology 89
5.1 OC as a site of cortical olfactory integration 89
5.2 Aβ and pTau progression 89
5.3 Microglial activation 95
5.4 Astrocytic changes 101
5.5 ApoE protein accumulation and colocalization 107
5.6 Co-expression networks: astrocyte-pathology coupling 112
5.7 Regional comparison of pathological and glial burden: OC/OB Score analysis 116
VI. General discussion 119
6.1 Summary of regional pathology 119
6.2 Functional-pathological correspondence in the olfactory circuit 123
6.3 ApoE and APOE: Bridging peripheral markers and central neuroinflammation 125
6.4 Region-specific glial-pathology network architecture 128
6.5 Translational relevance 130
6.6 Limitations and methodological constraints 132
6.7 Future directions 135
VII. Conclusion 138
References 140
요약문
URI
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/60718
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200001012220
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200001012220
Degree
Doctor
Department
Department of Brain Sciences
Publisher
DGIST
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