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Design and Implementation of a High-Speed DAQ/AWG Integrated System Based on Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC

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Title
Design and Implementation of a High-Speed DAQ/AWG Integrated System Based on Zynq UltraScale+ RFSoC
DGIST Authors
Sungyu SongGain KimJaeyoun Hwang
Advisor
김가인
Co-Advisor(s)
Jaeyoun Hwang
Issued Date
2026
Awarded Date
2026-08-01
Type
Thesis
Description
RFSoC, Arbitrary Waveform Generator (AWG), Data Acquisition (DAQ), Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), Advanced eXtensible Interface4 (AXI4)
Abstract

This thesis presents the design and implementation of a high-speed signal generation and data acquisition system on the AMD Xilinx ZCU208 RFSoC evaluation board, addressing the need for reconfigurable, low-cost GHz-range instrumentation where commercial AWG and digitizer systems present prohibitive costs and limited flexibility. Two principal contributions are made. First, on the signal generation side, a quantitative characterization of AWG output fidelity across the full first Nyquist zone is presented, identifying DAC imaging as the dominant SFDR-limiting mechanism above 1 GHz and analytically separating its contribution from sinc roll-off and harmonic distortional decomposition that provides actionable design guidance for future RFSoC- based signal generators. Second, on the data acquisition side, a bandwidth-exact 14-bit packing scheme is derived from first principles to resolve the mismatch between the native 9.6 GB/s ADC output rate and the 8.8– 9.2 GB/s sustained DDR4 write bandwidth, enabling lossless continuous capture without data loss. The signal generation subsystem implements an 8-channel AWG using the FPGA's Block RAM resources, with each channel operating independently at 6.4 GSPS and 14-bit resolution. The data acquisition subsystem achieves lossless 4.8 GSPS capture into DRAM through an optimized 14-bit packing scheme that eliminates the bandwidth overhead of conventional 16-bit-padded storage. An asynchronous clock domain crossing strategy and AXI4-based DMA architecture ensure reliable high-throughput transfer to external memory. All low-level hardware control is abstracted through a Python-based interface over Ethernet, enabling end-to-end operation without FPGA expertise. Experimental results demonstrate clean AWG output across all eight channels and confirm bit-exact data integrity of the acquisition system under sustained full-rate operation.|본 논문은 AMD Xilinx ZCU208 RFSoC 평가 보드를 기반으로 한 고속 신호 생성 및 데이터 획득 통합 시스템의 설계와 구현을 제시합니다. 상용 임의 파형 생성기(AWG) 및 디지타이저 시스템은 높은 도입 비용과 제한적인 재구성 유연성으로 인해 GHz 대역 계측 환경에서의 활용에 제약이 따릅니다. 본 연구는 단일 RFSoC 플랫폼 위에서 이를 대체할 수 있는 재구성 가능한 저비용 솔루션을 제시함으로써 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 합니다.

신호 생성 서브시스템은 FPGA의 블록 RAM 자원을 활용한 8채널 AWG로 구성되며, 각 채널은 6.4 GSPS, 14비트 분해능으로 상호 독립적으로 동작합니다. 데이터 획득 서브시스템은 기존의 16비트 패딩 저장 방식에서 발생하는 불필요한 대역폭 오버헤드를 제거한 최적화된 14비트 패킹 기법을 적용하여 4.8 GSPS의 무손실 DRAM 캡처를 실현합니다. 클럭 도메인 간 신호 전달에는 비동기 클럭 도메인 크로싱 전략을 채택하였으며, AXI4 기반 DMA 아키텍처를 통해 외부 메모리로의 신뢰성 높은 고속 데이터 전송을 구현합니다.

모든 하드웨어 저수준 제어는 이더넷 기반 Python 인터페이스를 통해 추상화되어, FPGA 전문 지식 없이도 시스템 전체의 엔드-투-엔드 운용이 가능하도록 설계되었습니다. 실험 결과, 전체 8개 채널에 걸쳐 양호한 AWG 출력 파형이 확인되었으며, 지속적인 최대 전송률 동작 조건에서 데이터 획득 시스템의 비트 수준 데이터 무결성이 검증되었습니다.

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Table Of Contents
List of Contents
Abstract i
List of Contents ii
List of tables v
List of Figures vi
Ⅰ. Introduction
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Thesis Organization 3

ⅠⅠ. Background
2.1 Overview of High-Speed Data Converter Systems 4
2.1.1 Challenges at GSPS Rates 4
2.1.2 Conventional Instrument Architecture 5
2.1.3 The RFSoC Approach 6
2.2 RFSoC Platform Architecture 7
2.2.1 Processing System (PS) 7
2.2.2 Programmable Logic (PL) 8
2.2.3 RF Data Converter Subsystem 9
2.2.4 PS-PL Interface Summary 10
2.3 FPGA Memory Hierarchy 10
2.3.1 PL On-Chip Memory 11
2.3.1.1 Distributed RAM 11
2.3.1.2 Block RAM (BRAM) 11
2.3.1.3 PL External DDR4 Memory (MIG-Based) 12
2.3.2 PS External DDR4 Memory 15
2.3.3 Memory Hierarchy Summary 15
2.4 AXI4 Interconnect Protocol 17
2.4.1 Overview of AMBA and AXI4 17
2.4.2 AXI4(Full) 18
2.4.3 AXI4-Lite 21
2.4.4 AXI4-Stream 22
2.5 Clocking and Clock Domain Crossing 23
2.5.1 The Multi-Clock Reality in High-Speed Systems 23
2.5.2 Double Flip-Flop Synchronization for Single-Bit Signals 24
2.5.3 Asynchronous FIFO for Multi-Bit Data Streams 25
2.5.4 BRAM-Based Clock Domain Crossing 26
ⅠⅠI. System Architecture and AWG Design
3.1 System Architecture Overview 28
3.2 Ethernet Communication and PS Software 29
3.3 DMA Design 30
3.3.1 AXI4 4K Boundary Rule 30
3.3.2 DMA Finite State Machine 31
3.4 BRAM Data Controller 32
3.5 BRAM Memory Organization 34
3.6 Clock Domain Crossing and Width Conversion Pipeline 34
3.7 RF-DAC Tile Configuration and Clock Generation 36
3.8 Python-Based Control Interface 38
ⅠV. Data Acquisition System Design
4.1 System Architecture Overview 40
4.2 14-Bit Data Packing 42
4.2.1 Motivation and Bandwidth Analysis 42
4.2.2 Packing Arithmetic 42
4.3 Clock Domain Crossing and Width Conversion 44
4.3.1 Asynchronous FIFO (400 MHz → 300 MHz) 44
4.3.2 Width Converter (5,376-bit → 256-bit) 44
4.3.3 Buffering FIFO (300 MHz → 333.25 MHz) 44
4.4 DMA Write Path to PL DDR4 46
4.4.1 Dual-Channel Configuration 46
4.5 End-to-End System Verification 47
V. Experimental Results
5.1 Measurement Setup 49
5.2 Single-Tone Spectral Measurements 50
5.3 AWG Performance Summary 53
5.4 SFDR and ENOB versus Output Frequency 53
5.5 Analysis of High-Frequency Performance Degradation 56
5.5.1 DAC Sinc Roll-off 56
5.5.2 Anti-Imaging Filter 56
5.6 Comparison with Commercial AWG 57
5.7 DAQ Measurement Setup 58
5.8 DAQ Loopback Signal Verification 59
5.9 DRAM Data Integrity Verification 60
VI. Conclusion
URI
https://scholar.dgist.ac.kr/handle/20.500.11750/60804
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200001006624
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200001006624
Degree
Master
Department
Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Publisher
DGIST
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