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A Low-Voltage, High Linearity Time-Based ADC

Title
A Low-Voltage, High Linearity Time-Based ADC
Author(s)
Wonbin Lee
DGIST Authors
Hwang, JaeyounLee, WonbinLee, Junghyup
Advisor
이정협
Co-Advisor(s)
Jae Youn Hawng
Issued Date
2019
Awarded Date
2019-08
Type
Thesis
Subject
반도체 회로설계
Description
VCO-based ADC
Abstract
In this paper, I propose a time-based Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) with high linearity at a low voltage of 0.5 V. In the conventional ADC architecture, analog signal is processed in the voltage domain to represent a digital value corresponding to the input voltage. For this reason, lowering the supply voltage in order to have low power system limits the voltage range that the ADC can handle and finally resulting in a reduction in the dynamic range. In this paper, I propose a time domain signal processing method using Voltage-Controlled-Oscillator (VCO) to solve this problem. That is, the phase change of the VCO is observed within a certain time window by using the characteristic that the output frequency of the VCO changes according to the input voltage. The output frequency of the VCO is controlled by a bulk-driven technique, and by using this technique, the VCO with high linearity can be designed at low voltage.
However, in order to improve the SNR performance, it is necessary to lower the noise level of the system itself. In the structure of this paper, VCO is the biggest one that influences on noise level of this system. The VCO has a limitation in that the flicker noise is dominant at low frequency. So, the system cannot achieve the desired noise level. To solve this problem, chopping technique is used. In particular, since the proposed structure requires digital demodulation in the digital domain, digital demodulation technique is used to remove flicker noise from the VCO.

I implement a simple VCO quantizer using a counter to design a time-based ADC with low power consumption, low input referred noise and high linearity at 200Hz bandwidth. this system can be used to measure local signal potential (LFP) which is a neural signal.
|이 논문은 0.5 V의 낮은 공급 전압에서 높은 선형성을 갖는 전압 제어 발진기를 설계하여 낮은 공급 전압에서 높은 동적 범위를 갖는 시간 기반의 ADC를 제안하였다. 기존의 VCO 기반의 ADC의 경우에는 1차 잡음 변형 효과를 가져가 원하는 대역폭 내에서 양자화 잡음을 최대한으로 낮출 수 있었다. 하지만 본 논문의 구조는 VCO에서 발생하는 플리커 잡음을 줄이기 위해 차퍼 기술을 썼다. 따라서 신호가 복조될 때 잡음 변형된 양자화 잡음이 대역폭 안으로 들어오기 때문에 원하는 대역폭에서 잡음 레벨이 다시 높아지는 현상이 발생한다. 이를 피하기 위해 본 논문의 구조는 잡음 변형의 효과를 가져가지 않았다.

낮은 공급 전압에서 ADC의 높은 해상도를 가져가기 위해 전압 영역이 아닌 시간 영역에서 신호를 처리하였고, 이러한 이유 때문에 VCO를 사용하여 VCO 출력 파형의 상승 에지를 세는 회로를 구현하였다. 이때, 전체 시스템의 SQNR 성능을 높이기 위해 VCO의 29개의 위상을 모두 세었고, 이를 통해 80dB의 SQNR이 나올 수 있도록 설계하였다. 또한, VCO에서 발생하는 위상 잡음을 줄이기 위해 트랜지스터의 크기를 크게 가져갔고, 차퍼 기술을 이용하여 플리커 잡음의 영향을 최대한으로 줄이도록 노력하였다. 전체 시스템은 200Hz 대역폭 내에서 3.2uW의 전력 소모를 가진다.
Table Of Contents
Ⅰ. Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation and Objectives 1
1.2 Thesis Outline 2

Ⅱ. VCO-based ADC 3
2.1 VCO Quantizer using Reset Counter 3
2.2 VCO Quantizer using D Flip Fop & XOR gate (Edge detector) 7
2.3 Limitation of VCO-based ADC 11
2.3.1 Nonlinearity of VCO Tuning Characteristic 11
2.3.2 VCO Phase Noise 14

Ⅲ. Proposed Time-based ADC 16
3.1 Proposed Architecture 16
3.2 Bootstrapped Chopper 23
3.3 Proposed VCO using Bulk-driven Technique 25
3.4 Digital Demodulation using Digital Subtraction 27

Ⅳ. Schematic Design and Layout 28

Ⅴ. Simulation Results 33
5.1 Simulation Result of VCO Linearity (Frequency-Voltage Characteristic) 33
5.2 VCO's Phase Noise Performance and FoM 34
5.3 Power Consumption of Proposed Time-based ADC 35
5.4 Result of Digital Output depending on the Input Signal 36
5.5 Output Power Spectral Density (PSD) 37
5.6 Comparison table of proposed Time-based ADC 38

Ⅵ. Conclusion 39

Ⅷ. References 40
URI
http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000218420

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11750/10483
DOI
10.22677/thesis.200000218420
Degree
Master
Department
Department of Information and Communication Engineering
Publisher
DGIST
Related Researcher
  • 황재윤 Hwang, Jae Youn
  • Research Interests Multimodal Imaging; High-Frequency Ultrasound Microbeam; Ultrasound Imaging and Analysis; 스마트 헬스케어; Biomedical optical system
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