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dc.contributor.advisor 은용순 -
dc.contributor.author Young Woo An -
dc.date.accessioned 2022-07-07T02:28:55Z -
dc.date.available 2022-07-07T02:28:55Z -
dc.date.issued 2021 -
dc.identifier.uri http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000361604 en_US
dc.identifier.uri http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11750/16639 -
dc.description.abstract In this thesis, mathematical modeling was applied to the cardiovascular system of the human body, a simple cardiovascular model was developed to an extended cardiovascular model, including major organs, and a controller was added to apply a blood flow homeostasis maintenance system. The blood flow homeostasis maintenance system is an essential element in applying various situations such as aging, rest, and exercise. The blood flow and blood pressure flowing through each part were considered in the mathematical modeling of the cardiovascular system, and the heart was modeled as a pump that prevents the backflow. A simple cardiovascular model could obtain results that match the actual human blood pressure, blood flow, and cardiac output. The extended cardiovascular model, including major organs, was modeled by considering the percentage of blood flow through each organ. As a result, the blood flow through each organ was consistent with physiological data.
A controller was designed to apply the system for maintaining blood flow in this model. The controller consists of a heart rate controller and a heart contractility controller, and a PI controller that is widely used in the industry was used. To prevent the variance of heart rate during a heartbeat, it is designed to be controlled after the heartbeat. And we confirmed that the controller works properly using a step response.
Aging was applied to the model, which includes the homeostasis system. When aging occurs, the function of the heart and blood vessels radius decreases. According to the papers on the degree of aging according to the age 25, 40, 55 years old – 15 years of age interval was applied to the model. As a result, it was possible to confirm the phenomenon that occurs when the actual human body aging progresses through simulation.
Finally, we simulated with medium intensity exercise condition according to the aging of the cardiovascular system. It was confirmed that the heart rate and cardiac output increased as the exercise was performed, and the heart rate decreased as taking a rest. This result is accordant with the actual human body. As a result, by using simulation, actual changes in the human body, according to aging, rest, and exercise, were applied to the simulation model. We validated the current model by applying actual aging, rest, and exercise situations. In further studies, this model will be extended by adding new loops – such as gas exchange, blood sugar control, and electrolyte balance maintenance. Establishing the presented model has been very worthwhile since this could be key to any extended model by adding various factors.
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dc.description.statementofresponsibility Y -
dc.description.tableofcontents Abstract ii
List of Contents vi
List of Figures viii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Previous Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Control Based Homeostasis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Aging Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Exercise Simulation According to Aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.6 Contribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.7 Thesis Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Physiological Background 7
2.1 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 The Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Cardiac Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4 Cardiac Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Cardiac Contractility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Mathematical Modeling of Cardiovascular Dynamics 15
3.1 Heart Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Heart Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Basic Blood Vessel Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.4 Blood Flow Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.5 Extended Cardiovascular Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4 Cardiovascular Model Simulation and Validation 25
4.1 Cardiovascular Model Simulation Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5 Blood Flow Controller Design 29
5.1 Heart Rate Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
5.2 Heart Contractility Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.3 Blood Flow Step Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.4 Heart Rate Control Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
6 Aging Simulation 37
6.1 Aging Effect and Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.2 Aging Simulation Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6.3 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
7 Exercise Simulation According to Aging 45
7.1 Exercise Conditions According to age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
7.2 Simulation Result and Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
8 Conclusion 53
Bibliography 59
국문초록 61
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dc.format.extent 61 -
dc.language eng -
dc.publisher DGIST -
dc.subject Cardiovascular system mathematical modeling, Hemodynamics, Aging simulation, Exercise simulation, Homeostasis system, controller, 심혈관 시스템 수학적 모델링, 혈류역학, 노화 시뮬레이션, 운동 시뮬레이션, 항 상성 시스템, 제어기 -
dc.title Modeling and Analysis of Human Cardiovascular Dynamics -
dc.title.alternative 인간 심혈관계 역학 모델링 및 분석 -
dc.type Thesis -
dc.identifier.doi 10.22677/thesis.200000361604 -
dc.description.alternativeAbstract 본 논문은 실제 인체의 심혈관계를 수학적 모델링하기 위해 간단한 심혈관 모델을 주요 장기를 포함한 모델로 확장시키고, 제어기를 추가하여 혈류의 항상성 유지시스템을 적용했다. 혈류 항상성 유지시스템은 노화, 휴식, 운동과 같은 상황을 적용하는데 필수적인 요소이다. 심혈관 시스템의 수학적 모델링을 위해, 우리는 각 부분에 흐르는 혈류와 혈압을 고려하고, 심장은 역류가 일어나지 않는 펌프로 모델링했다. 간단한 심혈관계 모델은 실제 인체의 혈압, 혈류, 심박출량이 일치하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 주요 장기를 포함한 확장된 모델은 각 장기에 흐르는 혈류의 비율을 고려하여 모델링 했다. 그 결과, 각 장기에 흐르는 혈류는 생리학 자료와 일치했다.
이 모델에 혈류의 항상성 유지 시스템을 구현하기 위해 우리는 제어기를 설계했다. 제어기는 심박수 제어기와 심수축력 제어기로 구성하고 일반적으로 산업에서 많이 쓰이는 PI 제어기를 사용했다. 심장박동 중에 심박수가 변하는 상황을 막기위해 심장박동이 끝난 후 제어되도록 설계했다. 그리고 계단응답을 이용하여 제어기가 잘 작동하는 것을 확인했다.
항상성 유지 시스템이 포함된 모델에 노화를 적용했다. 노화가 발생되면 심장과 혈관의 기능이 저하된다. 나이에 따른 노화의 정도는 논문의 데이터를 참고하여 25세, 40세, 55세로 15세 간격으로 적용했다. 그 결과 실제 인체의 노화가 진행될 때 나타나는 현상을 시뮬레이션을 통해 확인할 수 있었다.
마지막으로 심혈관계의 노화에 따라 중강도의 운동을 적용하여 시뮬레이션을 진행했다. 그 결과 운동을 시행함에 따라 심박수와 심박출량이 증가하고 휴식을 취하면 안정시 심박수로 돌아오는 실제 인체와 일치하는 결과를 확인했다. 결과적으로, 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 노화, 휴식, 운동에 따른 실제 인체의 변화를 시뮬레이션 모델로 구현하고, 실제 노화, 휴식, 운동상황을 적용하여 현 모델을 검증했다. 추가 연구에서이 모델은 가스 교환, 혈당 조절 및 전해질 균형 유지와 같은 새로운 루프를 추가하여 확장 될 예정이다. 이 모델의 개발은 다양한 요소를 추가하여 확장할 수 있는 중요한 모델로 가치있는 모델이다.
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dc.description.degree Master -
dc.contributor.department Information and Communication Engineering -
dc.contributor.coadvisor Lucy Youngmin Eun -
dc.date.awarded 2021/02 -
dc.publisher.location Daegu -
dc.description.database dCollection -
dc.citation XT.IM 안64 202102 -
dc.contributor.alternativeDepartment 정보통신융합전공 -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Young Woo An -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Yongsoon Eun -
dc.contributor.affiliatedAuthor Lucy Youngmin Eun -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 안영우 -
dc.contributor.alternativeName Yongsoon Eun -
dc.contributor.alternativeName 은영민 -
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Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Theses Master

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