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Presenilin 2 N141I mutation induces hyperimmunity through epigenetic repression of REV-ERBα in immune cells

Title
Presenilin 2 N141I mutation induces hyperimmunity through epigenetic repression of REV-ERBα in immune cells
Author(s)
Hyeri Nam
DGIST Authors
Hyeri NamSeong-Woon YuSun Ah Park
Advisor
유성운
Co-Advisor(s)
Sun Ah Park
Issued Date
2023
Awarded Date
2023-08-01
Type
Thesis
Description
Presenilin2; Circadain rhythm; Hyperimmunity; REV-ERBα; Alzheimer disease; Chlorpromazine
Abstract
Hyperimmunity drives the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). The immune system is under the circadian control, and circadian abnormalities accelerate AD progress. Here, we investigated how a familial AD-linked mutation demolishes expression of circadian genes and induces cognitive decline using the knock-in (KI) mice heterozygous for presenilin 2 (Psen2) N141I mutation. This mutation caused selective overproduction of clock gene-controlled cytokines through the DNA hypermethylation-mediated repression of REV-ERBα in innate immune cells and predisposed the KI/+ mice vulnerable to otherwise innocuous, mild immune challenges. Through the chemical library screening, we found that the antipsychotic chlorpromazine recovered the REV-ERBα level by rectifying DNA methylation via the inhibition of PI3K/AKT1 pathway and prevented the hyperactivation of innate immune cells and cognitive decline in KI/+ mice. Since circadian dysfunction is closely related with neuroinflammation, we further investigated whether repression of REV-ERBα is associated with dysfunction of immune cell-endogenous or central circadian rhythm. Psen2 N141I mutation lowered amplitude of intrinsic daily oscillation, but with the normal period, in innate immune cells. Of interest, repression of REV-ERBα was specifically associated with KI/+ immune cells, and analyses of the central clock and animal behavioral rhythms revealed that central clock remained intact without down-regulation of REV-ERBα. These results suggest that Psen2 N141I mutation induces hyperimmunity mainly through the suppression of REV-ERBα in immune cells, but circadian rhythm in both immune cells and central clock remain normal. Our findings highlight a previously unrecognized pathogenic link between Psen2 N141I mutation and overactivation of immune cells through the epigenetic suppression of REV-ERBα and provide a novel therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.|과도하게 유발되는 면역 반응은 알츠하이머 치매 발병의 원인과 깊은 연관이 있다. 아밀로이드 베타의 생성과 축적에 의해 대식세포 및 미세아교세포의 대식작용과 과도한 염증성 물질 분비는 신경손상을 불러 일으킨다고 알려져 있다. 특히 수면 장애 등과 같은 생체 시계의 고장은 치매 환자에서 자주 발견되며 이는 신경염증반응과도 연관되어 있다고 밝혀져 왔다. 하지만 여전히 신경염증과 알츠하이머 치매 사이의 기전은 잘 밝혀져 있지 않다.
따라서 본 논문에서 가족성 알츠하이머 치매 발병 위험 유전자로 알려진 프리세닐린 2의 N141I 돌연변이를 실제 인간 환자와 유사하게 자연 발현하는 쥐를 제작하고, 돌연변이 쥐가 정상 쥐에서는 무해한 아주 작은 양의 염증 자극이나 응집된 아밀로이드 베타에도 민감하게 반응함을 확인하였다. 프리세닐린 N141I 이형돌연변이 쥐는 작은 면역 자극에도 미세아교세포를 활성화시키고 염증성 사이토카인들을 과량으로 분비, 결과적으로 기억력 감소 증상을 가져왔다. 이는 미세아교세포 뿐 아니라 대식세포와 성상세포에서도 같은 증상을 가졌다. 일주기리듬의 영향을 받는4 종류의 염증성 사이토카인 (IL-6, CXCL1, CCL2, CCL5)들의 과분비 원인으로 일주기 유전자 REV-ERBα 프로모터의 과메틸화에 의해서 일어남을 확인하고, PI3K/AKT1 신호전달경로를 통해서 과메틸화를 유도함을 증명하였다. 일주기 유전자 REV-ERBα의 발현 억제는 면역세포를 여전히 세포 내 리듬은 유지하였다. 약물 재창출은 안정성이 입증된, 임상승인이 통과된 기존의 시판 약물을 이용하여 새로운 적응증을 규명하는 신약개발 방법이다. 조현병 등의 정신병 치료제로 사용중인 약물인 클로르프로마진이 기존의 효과보다 훨씬 적은 농도에서 REV-ERBα 탈메틸화를 통한 발현회복과 과면역반응 억제의 효과를 보임을 증명하였고, 그 결과 기억능력을 회복하는 효과를 가짐을 보였다.
본 논문은 이를 통해 알츠하이머 치매와 미세아교세포 과면역 사이의 새로운 기전을 규명함으로써 더욱 심도 깊은 치매 치료 연구의 발판을 마련하고 치료 기술 개발에 새로운 전략법을 제시할 수 있는 기대 효과를 보여준다.
Table Of Contents
Chapter 1. General Introduction 1
1.1 Alzheimer Disease (AD) 1
1.1.1 AD: Classification and Features 1
1.1.2 Familial AD: Presenilin mutation 1
1.2 Neuroinflammation 6
1.2.1 Immune cells in neuroinflammation 6
1.2.2 Neuroinflammation in AD 7
1.3 Circadian rhythm 12
1.3.1 Neuroinflammation under circadian rhythm 12
1.3.2 Circadian rhythm in AD 12
1.4 Aim and Objectives 15
1.4.1 Overall Aim 15
1.4.2 Objectives 15

Chapter 2. General Materials and Common Techniques 16
2.1 Materials 16
2.1.1 Reagent or resource 16
2.2 Common Techniques 17
2.2.1 Animals 17
2.2.2 Cell culture 17
2.2.3 Quantitative RT-PCR 18
2.2.4 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 18
2.2.5 Western blot analysis 18
2.2.6 Y-maze assay 19
2.2.7 Immunohistochemistry 23
2.2.8 Microglia morphology analysis 23
2.2.9 Statistical analysis 23

Chapter 3. Psen2 N141I mutation induces hyperactive immune responses 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Methods 27
3.2.1 T-maze assay 27
3.2.2 Laboratory Animal Behavior Observation Registration and Analysis System 27
3.2.3 Stereotaxic injection 27
3.3 Results 28
3.3.1 Psen2 N141I mutation does not alter their expression levels of ɣ-secretase activity 28
3.3.2 Psen2 N141I mutation causes selective increase in the production of IL-6 in innate immune cells 30
3.3.3 Psen2 N141I mutation increases production of clock-controlled cytokines following LPS treatment 30
3.3.4 Psen2N141I/+ mice overproduce clock gene-controlled cytokines and suffer memory deficit in response to low dose of LPS 36
3.3.5 Psen2N141I/+ mice display proinflammatory microglial morphology in response of LPS ineffective in WT mice 41
3.3.6 Psen2 N141I mutation induces secretion of clock gene-controlled cytokines and memory deficits in response to fibrillar Aβ 43
3.4 Discussion 45

Chapter 4. Presenilin 2 N141I mutation induces hyperimmunity through epigenetic repression of REV-ERBα 46
4.1 Introduction 46
4.2 Methods 48
4.2.1 Acute isolation of primary microglia and peritoneal macrophages 48
4.2.2 ChIP-qPCR analysis 48
4.2.3 Microglia transduction 49
4.2.4 Methylation sequencing 51
4.2.5 Methylation-specific PCR 51
4.3 Results 53
4.3.1 Psen2 N141I mutation decrease the expression of clock genes 53
4.3.2 Downregulation of REV-ERBα underlies selective overproduction of IL-6 in KI/+ microglia 55
4.3.3 Nr1d1 promoter is hypermethylated in KI/+ innate immune cells 61
4.3.4 The antipsychotic chlorpromazine restores REV-ERBα expression, and prevents hyperactive immune response 66
4.3.5 CPZ restores cognitive decline in Psen2N141I/+ mice 72
4.3.6 CPZ rescues proinflammatory microglial morphology in Psen2N141I/+ mice 72
4.3.7 CPZ rescues REV-ERBα expression by rectifying DNA hypermethylation 75
4.3.8 CPZ rescues DNA hypermethylation through the inhibition of PI3K/AKT1 pathway 78
4.4 Discussion 81

Chapter 5. Immune cell-specific suppression of REV-ERBα without central clock modulation 85
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Methods 87
5.2.1 Bioluminescence recording 87
5.2.2 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) slice culture 87
5.2.3 Behavior recording 88
5.2.4 Cell culture 88
5.3 Results 89
5.3.1 Psen2 N141I mutation alters rhythmic expression pattern of clock genes in immune cells 89
5.3.2 Psen2 N141I mutation dampens intrinsic robustness, but not period of daily oscillation rhythm in innate immune cells 94
5.3.3 The molecular oscillation of central clock remains intact in Psen2N141I/+ mice 97
5.4 Discussion 102

Chapter 6. Discussion 104
References 108
Abstracts in Koreans 120
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11750/46386

http://dgist.dcollection.net/common/orgView/200000685700
DOI
10.22677/THESIS.200000685700
Degree
Doctor
Department
Department of Brain Sciences
Publisher
DGIST
Related Researcher
  • 유성운 Yu, Seong-Woon
  • Research Interests Molecular mechanisms of neuronal cell death and neurodegeneration
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Department of Brain Sciences Theses Ph.D.

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